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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Smallest unit of life that can function independently.
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Cell
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Two or more tissues that interact and function as an integrated unit.
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Organ
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Two or more physically or functionally linked organs.
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Organ System
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Group of cells that interact and provide a specific function.
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Tissue
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Compartments of a eukaryotic cell that performs a specialized function.
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Organelle
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Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds.
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Molecules
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A particle composed of protons, neutrons and electrons, that cannot be further broken down by chemical means.
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Atom
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Members of the same species occupying a region.
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Population
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Group of interacting populations that inhabit the same region.
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Population
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A community and its nonliving environment.
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Ecosystem
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Part of Earth where life can exist.
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Biosphere
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Quality that results from interactions of a system's components.
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Emergent Properties
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Organism that uses inorganic sources of energy and carbon.
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Producer/ Autotroph
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Organism that uses organic sources of energy and carbon.
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Consumer/ Heterotroph
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Organism that consumes wastes and dead organic matter, returning inorganic nutrients to the ecosystem.
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Decomposer
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The ability of an organism to maintain constant body temperature, fluid balance and chemistry.
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Homeostasis
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Any form of reproduction that does not require the fusion of gametes.
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Asexual Reproduction
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The combination of genetic material from two individuals to create a third individual.
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Sexual Reproduction
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Inherited trait that permits an organism to survive and reproduce.
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Adaptation
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Differential reproduction of organisms whose genetic traits better adapt them to a particular environment.
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Natural Selection
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Change in allele frequencies in a population over time.
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Evolution
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Classification of organisms.
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Taxonomy
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Highest (most inclusive) taxonomy category.
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Domain
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Taxonomic category between domain and phylum.
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Kingdom
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Taxonomic category between kingdom and and class.
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Phylum
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Taxonomic category between phylum and order.
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Class
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Taxonomic category between class and family.
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Order
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Taxonomic category between order and genus.
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Family
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Taxonomic category between family and species.
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Genus
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A distinct type of organism.
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Species
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A systematic approach to understanding the natural world; involves asking questions, formulating and testing hypotheses, collecting data, drawing conclusions and putting results into perspective with existing knowledge.
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Scientific Method
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A testable, tentative explanation based on prior knowledge.
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Hypothesis
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A test of a hypothesis under controlled conditions.
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Experiment
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Evaluation of scientific results by experts before publication in a journal.
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Peer Review
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Number of subjects in an experimental group.
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Sample Size
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Any changeable element in an experiment.
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Variable
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Hypothesized influence on a dependent variable.
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Independent Variable
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Response that may be under the influence of an independent variable.
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Dependent Variable
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Any factor held constant for all subjects in an experiment.
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Standardized Variable
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Untreated group used as a basis for comparison with a treated group in an experiment.
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Control
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Inert substance used as an experimental control.
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Placebo
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Type of experiment in which neither participants nor researchers know which subject has received the treatment being evaluated.
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Double-Blind
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Unlikely to be attributed to chance.
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Statistically Significant
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Well-supported scientific explanation.
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Theory
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The smallest unit of life that can function independently.
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Cell
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All of the following are characteristics of life except?
a. evolution b. homeostasis c. reproduction d. movement |
d. movement
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Paleobotanists study fossilized plant material. Which property of life can a paleobotanist directly observe in a single plant fossil?
a. homeostasis b. organization c. energy use d. growth |
b. organization
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Which of the following correctly lists the levels of biological organization?
a. cell-tissue-organelle-individual-community b. community-population-ecosystem-biosphere c. organelle-cell-organ-individual-population d. individual-ecosystem-community-biosphere |
c. organelle-cell-organ-individual-population
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The closest evolutionary relationship exists between individuals of the same...
a. genus b. family c. order d. kingdom |
a. genus
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Evolution through natural selection will occur most rapidly for populations of organisms that...
a. are already well adapted to the environment b. live in an unchanging environment c. are in the same genus d. reproduce sexually and live in an unstable environment |
d. reproduce sexually and live in an unstable environment
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Which of the following correctly lists taxonomic levels from the largest to the smallest?
a. kingdom-order-phylum-genus b. domain-order-class-family c.domain-kingdom-phylum-genus d.kingdom-class-phylum-species |
c. domain-kingdom-phylum-genus
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In designing an experiment, the variable that is measured by the scientist is the...
a. standardized variable b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. control variable |
c. dependent variable
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What is the role of the hypothesis in the scientific method?
a. it is the answer to a scientific question b. it is the control variable in the experimental design c. it is the question that can be tested experimentally d. it is a possible explanation that can be tested experimentally |
d. it is a possible explanation that can be tested experimentally
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Can a theory be proven wrong?
a. no, theories are the same as facts b. no, because there is no good way to test a theory c. yes, a new observation or interpretation of data could disprove a theory d. yes, theories are the same as hypotheses |
c. yes, a new observation or interpretation of data could disprove a theory
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Which of the following questions cannot be answered using the scientific method?
a. what was the first living organism on earth? b. how many genes control the aging process in humans? c. Why do monarch butterflies migrate? d. What effect does coastal development have on wetlands biodiversity? |
a. What was the first living organism on earth?
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List the 5 characteristics of life.
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a. life is organized
b. life requires energy c. life maintains internal constancy d. life reproduces itself, grows and develops e. life evolves |
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Name the levels of biological organization from smallest to largest starting with the atom.
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atom-molecule-organelle-cell-tissue-organ-organ system-multicellular organism-population-community-ecosystem-biosphere
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Are humans producers or consumers?
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Consumers
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What is homeostasis? Give an example.
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The ability of a living thing to maintain internal temperature, fluid levels and chemistry. Ex. - the human body's ability to maintain a healthy temperature of 98.6 degrees.
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Cite two ways that asexual and sexual reproduction differ.
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1. Asexual reproduction produces offspring nearly identical to the original.
2. In asexual reproduction there is only one "parent" organism whereas in sexual reproduction there must be two. |
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How does natural selection occur?
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By weeding out the weaker species the gene pool is being altered. Over time, new organisms develop.
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Name the levels of the taxonomic hierarchy, starting with domain.
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Domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species
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What domain and kingdom are humans in?
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Eukarya, Animalia
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What are the components of the scientific method?
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Observation-hypothesis-experimentation and data collection-analysis and peer review
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What variables must you consider in designing an experiment?
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-Independent Variable
-Dependent Variable -Standardized/ Constant Variable |
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Membrane-bounded sac that contains DNA in a eukaryotic cell.
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Nucleus
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The ideas that all living matter consists of cells, cells are the structural and functional units of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells.
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Cell Theory
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A structure built of RNA and protein where mRNA anchors during protein synthesis.
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Ribosome
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The watery soup of salts, organic molecules and other substances inside the cell. In eukaryotic cells, it consists of all materials, including organelles, between the nuclear membrane and the cell membrane.
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Cytoplasm
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The boundary of cells, consisting of proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer.
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Cell Membrane
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Compartment of a eukaryotic cell that performs a specialized function.
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Organelle
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Molecule consisting of two fatty acids and a phosphate; hydrophobic at one end and hydrophilic at the other.
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Phospholipid
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Hydrophobic organic molecule consisting mostly of carbon and hydrogen.
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Lipid
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Double layer of phospholipids that forms in water, with hydrophilic parts facing outwards and hydrophobic tails forming the interior.
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Phopholipid Bilayer
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Two-dimensional fluid of phospholipids and proteins that form biological membranes.
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Fluid Mosaic
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Create passageways through which water-soluble molecules and ions pass into or out of a cell.
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Transport Proteins
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A protein that catalyzes a specific type of chemical reaction without being consumed.
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Enzymes
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Carbohydrates attached to cell surface proteins serve as "name tags" to help the body recognize its own cells.
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Recognition Proteins
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Membrane proteins that enable cells to stick to one another.
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Adhesion Proteins
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Membrane proteins that bind molecules outside the cell and trigger a reaction inside the cell.
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Receptor Proteins
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The biochemical transmission of a message from outside the cell to inside.
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Signal Transduction
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A cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bounded organelles; bacteria and archaea.
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Prokaryotes
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Organism composed of cells containing a nucleus and other membrane-bounded organelles.
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Eukaryotes
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A part of a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is located.
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Nucleoid
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A rigid boundary surrounding cells of many prokaryotes, protists, plants and fungi.
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Cell Wall
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Long, whiplike appendages a cell uses for motility; in eukaryotes, it is composed of microtubules.
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Flagella
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The idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as free-living bacteria.
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Endosymbiont Theory
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Tetrapod amniote vertebrate with hair and milk.
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Mammal
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A hole in the nuclear envelope.
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Nuclear Pore
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A two-layered structure bounding a cells nucleus.
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Nuclear Envelope
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A structure within the nucleus where components of ribosomes are assembled.
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Nucleolus
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Interconnected membranous tubules and sacs that wind from the nuclear envelope to the cell membrane, along with the proteins are synthesized and lipids.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Ribosome-studded portion of the ER where secreted proteins are synthesized.
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Rough ER
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Synthesizes lipids and houses enzymes that detoxify drugs and poisons.
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Smooth ER
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A membrane-bounded sac that transports materials in a cell.
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Vesicles
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A system of flat, stacked, membrane-bound sacs that packages cell products for export.
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Golgi Apparatus
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Organelles containing enzymes that dismantle captured bacteria, worn-out organelles, and debris.
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Lysosomes
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Membrane-bounded storage sac in a cell, especially the larger central vacuole in a plant cell.
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Vacuole
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Membrane bounded sac that houses enzymes that break down fatty acids and dispose of toxic chemicals.
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Peroxisomes
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Organelle housing the reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes.
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Chloroplast
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Directional growth response to gravity.
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Gravitropism
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Organelle that houses the reactions of cellular respiration in eukaryotes.
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Mitochondria
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Fold of the inner mitochondrial membrane along which many of the reactions of cellular respiration occur.
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Cristae
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Framework of protein rods and tubules in eukaryotic cells.
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Cytoskeleton
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Component of the cytoskeleton; made of subunits of tubulin protein.
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Microtubule
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Division of genetic material that yields two genetically identical cells.
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Mitosis
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One or many short, movable protein projections from a cell.
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Cilia
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Protist with cilia-covered cell surface.
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Ciliates
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Component of the cytoskeleton; made of the protein actin.
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Microfilaments
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Sliding of actin and myosin past each other to shorten a muscle cell.
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Sliding Filament Model
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Component of the cytoskeleton; sized between a microtubule and a microfilament.
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Intermediate Filaments
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Connection between plant cells that allows cytoplasm to flow between them.
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Plasmodesma
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Connects adjacent cells by linking their intermediate filaments in a single spot. Holds skin cells in place by anchoring them to the extracellular matrix.
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Anchoring/ Adhering Junction
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Protein channel that links the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, allowing exchange of ions, nutrients and other small molecules.
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Gap Junction
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Why are cells considered to be the smallest unit of life?
a. Because you need a microscope to see them. b. Because a cell is the smallest thing that carries out all the functions of life. c. Because they have a structure. d. Because all cells have a nucleus with DNA. |
b. Because a cell is the smallest thing that carries out all the functions of life.
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Which of the following is not a feature found in all cells?
a. Proteins b. Ribosomes c. Cell Wall d. Cell Membrane |
c. Cell Wall
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A cell membrane is said to be a fluid mosaic because...
a. there is water in the membrane b. the membrane is made of lipids and proteins that move c. it forms a bilayer d. transport proteins allow for the movement of water soluble molecules |
b. The membrane is made of lipids and proteins that move.
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One property that distinguishes cells in Domain Bacteria from those in Domain Eukarya is...
a. the presence of the cell wall b. the presence of DNA c. the presence of flagella d. the presence of membrane-bounded organelles |
d. The presence of membrane-bounded organelles
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Which of the following organelles is/are associated with the job of cellular digestion?
a. lysosomes and peroxisomes b. golgi apparatus and vesicles c. nucleus and nucleolus d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
a. Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
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What type of protein would you expect to find on the membrane of a vacuole?
a. Enzyme b. Receptor Protein c. Transport Protein d. Cytoskeleton |
c. Transport Protein
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What type of microscope would you use if you wished to study how the cytoskeleton of a cell changed during its growth?
a. Confocal Microscope b. Light Microscope c. Transmission Electron Microscope d. Scanning Electron Microscope |
a. Confocal Microscope
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Which of the following organelles does not contain its own DNA?
a. Nucleus b. Chloroplast c. Rough ER d. Mitochondrion |
c. Rough ER
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What cellular process leads to the production of milk-specific mRNA molecules?
a. Protein Synthesis b. Signal Transduction c. Lipid Synthesis d. Transport |
a. Protein Synthesis
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Anchoring junctions are stabilized by the intermediate filament cytoskeleton. What else is required for a cell to form an anchoring junction?
a. a cell wall b. extracellular matrix c. a receptor protein d. a cell adhesion protein |
b. Extracellular Matrix
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What feature do all cells share?
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Small Size
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Why are large organisms made of numerous small cells instead of a few large ones?
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Nutrients, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste products enter or leave a cell through its surface. Cells, thus require large surface area but when a cell grows its volume increases at a faster rate than its surface area.
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What type of chemicals make up cell membranes?
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Phospholipids
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What is signal transduction? What is the cell membrane's role in this process?
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Signal transduction is the biochemical transmission of a message from outside the cell to inside. The cell membrane begins signal transduction by detecting and responding to the cell's environment.
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Until recently, biologists thought that there were only two types of cells. How has that view changes?
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A new domain - Archaea - was discovered to live in environments with extreme temperature, pressure, pH, or salinity.
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List the components and functions of the cytoskeleton.
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-microtubules: cell division and movement
-microfilaments: move other parts inside the cell -intermediate filaments: maintain shape and connect cells |
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How do plant cells interact with their neighbors through the rigid cell wall?
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Through plasmodesmata - channels that connect adjacent cells.
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