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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
macromolecule
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giant molecules
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4 main classes of macromolecules
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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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polymer
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a long molecule consisting of many similar of identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
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monomer
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the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer
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condensation/dehydration reaction
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monomers bonded through the loss of a water molecule
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enzymes
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macromolecules that speed up the dehydration process
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hydrolysis
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disassembly of polymers into monomers (water added back); reverse of dehydration reaction
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carbohydrates
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sugars and the polymers of sugars
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monosaccharide
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the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Molecular formula is generally some multiple of CH20.
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disaccharide
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consists of two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage
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glycosidic linkage
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a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
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polysaccharides
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polymers with a few hundred to few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
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starch
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a storage polysaccharide of plants; a polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers
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glycogen
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a polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but more extensively branched; stored by animals
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cellulose
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polymer of glucose, like starch but with different glycosidic linkages; a major component of tough cell walls; structural
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chitin
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structural polysaccharide; carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons
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lipids
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hydrophobic macromolecules
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3 major types of lipids
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fats, phospholipids, and steroids
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fat
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large molecules assembled from smaller molecules (glycerol and fatty acids) by dehydration reactions
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fatty acid
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consisting of a long carbon skeleton, usually 16 or 18 atoms in length with a carboxyl group at the end, hence "acid"
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tricylglycerol
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three fatty acid molecules each join to glycerol by an ester linkage
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ester linkage
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a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group
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saturated fatty acid
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no double bonds between carbon atoms composing the chain, resulting in as many hydrogen atoms as possible bonded to the carbon skeleton; "saturated" with hydrogen; generally solid in form
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unsaturated fatty acid
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one or more double bonds, formed by the removal of H atoms from the carbon skeleton; kink in hydrocarbon chain wherever a cis double bond occurs; generally liquid in form
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phospholipid
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two fatty acids attached to glycerol; the third hydroxyl group of glycerol is attached to a phosphate group (negative charge)
-arranged in bilayers to form the basic membrane |
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steroids
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lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
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cholesterol
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one steroid; a common component of animal cell membranes and is also the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized
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enzymes
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types of protein that regulate metabolism by acting as catalysts
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catalysts
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chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions in the cell without being consumed by the reaction
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polypeptides
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polymers of amino acids
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protein
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one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific conformations
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peptide bond
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the covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction
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denaturation
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the loss of a proteins native structure; biologically inactive
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amino acid
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organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
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chaperonins
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chaperone proteins; protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins
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x-ray crystallography
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an important method used to determine a protein's three-dimensional structure
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gene
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unit of inheritance consisting of DNA
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nucleic acids
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a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. Two types - DNA and RNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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provides directions for its own replication, directs RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis
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ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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protein synthesis
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polynuleotides
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agh!
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nucleotides
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monomers composed of three parts: nitrogenous base, a pentose (five-carbon sugar), and a phosphate
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nucleoside
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portion of nucleotide without the phosphate
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the two families of nitrogenous bases
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pyrimidines and purines
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pyrimidine
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has a 6-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) |
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purines
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larger than pyrimidines, six membered ring fused to a five membered ring
adenine (A) and guanine (g) |
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ribose
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the pentose connected to the nitrogenous base in the nucleotides of RNA
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deoxyribose
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the pentose connected to the nitrogenous base in the nucleotides of DNA
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double helix
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shape of DNA, two polynucleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis
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antiparallel
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the opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix
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