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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is taxonomy?
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The science of classification and nomenclature used
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How does the modern classification system work?
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Group organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationships
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What are the components and subdivisions of modern taxonomy
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Kingdom
Phylum Subphylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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How are organisms given a scientific name?
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Genus Species
Homo Sapien Felis domestica |
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What was the original method for dividing organisms?
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Animals
Plants |
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What are the modern schemes for kingdoms?
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(5) - Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
(3) - Monera, Plantae (including Fungi), and Animalia (including Protista) |
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How are viruses classified?
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Viruses are not considered to be alive and therefore are not classified under any of the five kingdoms
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What is the kingdom monera?
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Prokaryotes
Lack nucleus or any membrane bound organelles Single celled Reproduce asexually |
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What is the kingdom Protista?
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Primitive eukaryotic organisms
Plant and animal-like characteristics Single celled or colonies with no specialized cells or tissues Contains all simple eukaryotes that can not be classified as plants or animals Euglena demonstrates motility of animals and photosynthetic capabilities of plants |
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What is the kingdom Fungi?
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Resemble plants: multicellular, differentiated, non-motile
NOT PHOTOSYNTHETIC Cell walls composed of chitin, not cellulose Saprophytic (bread mold) or Parasitic (athlete's foot fungus) Reproductive means varied and unique |
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What is the kingdom Plantae?
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Multicellular organisms
exhibit differentiation of tissues Non-motile Photosynthetic Many exhibit alternation of generations and distinct embryonic phase |
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What is the kingdom Animalia?
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Multicellular
Generally motile Hetertrophic Differentiated tissues |
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What is cyanobacteria?
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Monera Kingdom
AKA - Blue-Green Algae Primarily fresh water, exist in marine Possess cell wall, photosynthetic pigments, but no flagella, true nucleus, chloroplasts, or mitochondria Can withstand extreme temperatures Thought to be directly descended from first photosynthetic organisms |
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How are bacteria classified?
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Cocci - Round
Bacilli - Rod Spirilla - Spiral Diplococci - Duplexes Staphylococci - Clusters Streptococci - Chains |
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What are the two major categories within Kingdom Protista?
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Protozoa & Algae
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What are protozoa?
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Under Kingdom Protista
Single celled organisms that are heterotrophic (like little animals) Rhizopods - amoebas, move with cellular extensions called pseudopods Ciliophors - cilia that are used for feeding and locomotion |
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What are Algae?
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Under Kingdom Protista
Primarily Photosynthetic Phytoplankton are important for marine animals Euglena is an algal protist because photosynthetic. Can also be heterotrophic and move about using flagellum Blue, green, and red algae can be multicellular and sometimes placed in animal kingdom |
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What are the protists resembling fungi?
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Slime Molds are often placed in Kingdom Fungi, however more directly related to protists
Arranged in coenocytic (many nuclei) mass of protoplasm Undergoes unique life cycle containing animal-like and plant-like stages (fruiting bodies, unicellular flagellated spores) Slime molds reproduce asexually by sporulation |
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What are some characteristics of Plant Kingdom with respect to differentiation of tissues?
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To adapt to terrestrial life
Photosynthetic tissue for manufacture of carbohydrates Supportive tissues provide mechanical support Waxy cuticles on exposed light surface retards water loss Cells are in direct contact with environment via air spaces and stomata, therefore, elaborate respiratory and excretory systems are unnecessary |
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What are some characteristics of Plant Kingdom with respect to reproduction?
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Specialized sex organs in gametophyte include Archegonium which produces eggs
Sporophyte contains a sporangium which manufactures spores Undergo alternation of generations with a sexual gametophyte (haploid) stage followed by an asexual sporophyte (diploid) stage. |
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What are bryophyta?
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under Plant Kingdom
Simple plants with few specialized organs and tissues Lack xylem Never been successful terrestrial plants and must live in moist areas Alternation of generations Gametophyte is dominant, "main plant", larger, nutritionally independent Sporophyte is short lived, small, attached to gametophyte, grows from the archegonium Two types: Mosses and Liverworts |
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What are mosses?
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Belong to division Bryophyta of Kingdom Plants
Primitive Bryophytes Gametophyte and Sporophyte grow together Gametophyte has a filamentous protonema (young moss plant) from which grows a vertical stem with radial leaves and a short sporophyte consisting of a foot stalk, and a capsule filled with spores Sporophyte grows out of the archegonium at the tip of the gametophyte |
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What are liverworts?
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Belong to division Bryophyta of Kingdom Plants
Flat, horizontal, leaf-like plants with differentiated dorsal and ventral surfaces Lower surface contains rhizoids, middle surface for food storage, and upper surface for photosynthesis |
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What are tracheophyta?
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under Plant Kingdom
Vascular plants (tracheophytes) Complex, great degree of specialization Contain phloem/xylem Radial symmetry, great roots, grow to great heights In contrast to Bryophytes, sporophyte is dominant Gametophyte is short lived, and independent or dependent. Four division of tracheophytes: Psilophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, Pterophyta |
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What are Psilophyta?
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Tracheophytes
Most primitive of the tracheophytes Contain rhizoids instead of roots One vascular bundle in the leaves |
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What are Lycophyta?
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Tracheophytes
Belong to ancient subdivision Have roots Non-woody Contain microphyll leaves |
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What are sphenophyta?
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Tracheophytes
Possess roots, microphyll leaves, hollow jointed stems Whorls of leaves occur on each joint Ex: Horse Tail |
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What are Pterophyta?
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Tracheophytes
Largest division Contain large leaves with many vascular bundles Do not produce seeds Short-lived gametophyte generation possesses heart-shaped leaves Sperm are flagellated and require water or moisture to fertilize |
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What are Coniferophyta?
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Kingdom Plant
Largest grouping of gymnosperms cycads, pines, spruce, firs CONifers have cones Two types of cones: Female cones produce megaspores Male cones produce microspores Gametophyte stage is short lived and microscopic Male pollen can be blown with the wind and requires no water for transportation, officially terrestrial |
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What are gymnosperms?
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Naked-seeded plants
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What are anthrophyta?
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Kingdom Plant
AKA: angiosperms Includes flowering plants Covered seeds Most abundant of all plants Anther of male stamen produces microspores, ovary of female pistil produces megaspores Successful pollination results in the germination of pollen tubes which aid in fertilization of female eggs in the gametophyte Embryo develops into a seed with the ovary and ovary becomes a fruit, the vehicle for dispersion Subclasses of angiosperms: Dicotyledons Monocotyledons |
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What are dicotyledons?
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Dicots
Have "net veined" leaves and vascular bundles about a ring within the central cylinder Contain two cotyledons (seed leaves) within the seed Flower parts in multiples of four or five maple tree, apple tree, potatoes, carrots, goldenrods, buttercups |
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What are monocotyledons?
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Monocots
Contain leaves with parallel veins, scattered vascular bundles, and seeds with single cotyledons (seed leaves) Flower parts in multiples of three Wheat, corn, rye, rice, sugar cane, pineapple, irises, bananas, orchids, palms |
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What is sessile?
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Stationary plants that create currents to trap food
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Do most animals have symmetry?
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Yes, most are bilateral, although some are radially symmetrical
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What are porifera?
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Kingdom Animalia
AKA Sponges Two layers of cells pores sessile low degree of specialization |
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What are cnidarians?
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Kingdom Animalia
Contain digestive sac that is sealed at one end Two layers of cells (ectoderm and endoderm) Specialized features: tentacles, stinging nets, nerve nets hydra, jelly fish, sea anemone, coral |
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What are Platyhelminthes?
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Kingdom Animalia
AKA flat worms Ribbonlike, bilaterially symmetrical Three layers of cells No circulatory system Eyes, anterior brain ganglion, pair of longitudinal nerve cords |
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What are nematoda?
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Kingdom Animalia
AKA: Round worms Long digestive tubes and an anus No circulatory system Posses nerve cords and anterior nerve ring Hookworm, trichina, free-living soil nematodes |
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What are annelida?
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Kingdom animalia
AKA: Segmented worms Possess a true body cavity Well defined systems: nervous, circulatory, excretory earthworms, leeches |
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What are Mollusca?
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Kingdom Animalia
Mollusks are softbodied and possess mantles which often secrete calcareous exoskeletons Breathe by gills and contain chambered hearts, blood sinuses, pair of ventral nerve cords clams, snails, squid |
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What are arthropoda?
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Kingdom animalia
Jointed appendages, chitinous exoskeletons, open circulatory systems Three most common classes: Insects - 3 Pairs of legs, spiracles, tracheal tubes, outside aquatic environment Arachnids - 4 Pairs of legs, "book lungs" scorpion/spider Crustaceans - Segmented body with variable number of appendages, possess gills, lobster, crayfish, shrimp |
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What are echinoderms?
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Kingdom animalia
Spiny, radially symmetrical, contain a water-vascular system, possess the capacity for regeneration of parts Starfish, sea urchin |
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What are chordates?
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Kingdom animalia
Characterized by stiff dorsal rod called notochord present at some stage of embryonic development Gill slits and tail during embryonic development Lancelets and tunicates are chordates but not vertebrates Vertebrates have bone to protect nerve cord and brain Divided into classes: Fish, Amphibia, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals |
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What are fish?
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Animalia, Chordates, Vertebrates
Two chambered heart, gills, external fertilization Jawless fish - eel-like, notochord throughout life, no jaws, sucking mouth Cartilaginous fish - jaws, teeth, shark Bony Fish - most prevalent, scales,lack notochord in adult form,during development cartilage replaced by bone, trout, tuna |
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What are amphibia?
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Animalia, Chordates
Larval stage - tadpole, in water, gills, tail, no legs Adult stage - land, lungs, two pairs of legs, no tail, three chambered heart, no scales, external fertilization frog, salamander, toad, newt |
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What are Reptiles?
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Animalia, Chordates, Vertebrates
Terrestrial Breathe air Leathery eggs utilize internal fertilization Cold blooded (poikilothermic) Scales Three chambered heart turtle, lizard, snake, crocodile |
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What are birds?
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Animalia, Chordates, Vertebrates
Four-chambered hearts Warmblooded Eggs have shells hen, eagle |
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What are mammals?
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Animalia, Chordates, Vertebrates
Warm blooded, feed young with milk produced in mammary glands Monotremes - leathery eggs, horny bills, numerous mammary glands with no nipples, duckbill platypus, anteater Marsupials - Early development in uterus, later development in pouch on nipple, kangaroo, opossum Placental mammals - embryo develops fully in uterus, attached to uterine wall for exchange of food, waste, gas |
