Biology: Cells And Molecules - Exam 3

Front 1

Cellular respiration converts...

Back 1

chemical E from organic mole. to ATP E

Front 2

Cellular Resp. is an anaerobic or aerobic process?

Back 2

Aerobic

Front 3

What does an aerobic process required?

Back 3

O2

Front 4

Resp. is related to...

Back 4

breathing

Front 5

O2 --> x -->CO2
O2 --> x -->CO2

Back 5

Lung
Mitochondrial

Front 6

Equation for Cellular Resp.

Back 6

C6H1206 + 6O2 --> ATP + 6CO2 + 6H20

Front 7

Oxidation

Back 7

1. Loss of an e-
2. Oxidized substances lose E

Front 8

Reduction

Back 8

1. Gain of a e-
2. Reduced substances gain E

Front 9

Oxidation-Reduction Rxns...aka...

Back 9

Redox Rxns

Front 10

Redox Rxns

Back 10

What 1 subs. loses, the other gains

Front 11

Dehydrogenases

Back 11

Enzymes that catalyze redox rxns

Front 12

Define coenzymes and name 2 types

Back 12

-Hydrogen acceptors (carriers of e- E)
-NAD+ and FAD

Front 13

NAD+...
1. stands for
2. Equation
3. What it does

Back 13

1. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
2. NAD+ + 2H --> NADH + H+
3. NAD+ binds both e- but only 1 H (proton). NADH is now REDUCED coenzyme (gained e-)

Front 14

FAD...
1. equation
2. what it does

Back 14

1. FAD + 2H --> FADH2
2. FAD binds 2 protons & 2 e- (both H's)

Front 15

4 Stages of cellular resp.

Back 15

1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate metabolism
3. citric acid cycle (kreb's)
4, oxidative phosphorylation

Front 16

What are the two types of oxidative phosphorylation?

Back 16

1. e- transport chain
2. chemiosmosis

Front 17

Where does c.r. take place?

Back 17

-glycolysis in cytosol
-pyruvate metabolism and bitric acid cycle in mitochondrial matrix
-oxidative phosphorylation in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 18

Plants or animals have mitochondria?

Back 18

trick question! both do!

Front 19

Glycolysis...
1. What does it do?
2. Net Yield of ATP?
3. Anything else produced?

Back 19

1. COnverts one molecule of glucose into TWO molecules of pyruvate
2. N.Y. of 2 ATP
3. Produces 2 NADH + H+

Front 20

Pyruvate Metabolism...
1. What does it do?
2. What does it produce?

Back 20

1. converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA
2. produces 1 NADH + H+ and 1 CO2

(x 2 b.c. there are two pyruvates from one glucose molecule)

Front 21

Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb's)...
1. How many main steps?
2. Net Yield ATP?
3. What else is produced?

Back 21

1. 8 Steps
2. 1 ATP
3. -Produces 3 NADH + H+
-Produces 1 FADH2
-Produces 2 CO2

(#2 & 3 are x 2 b.c. of two pyruvates)

Front 22

Oxidative Phosphorylation...
1. What does it do?
2. Net Yield of ATP?

Back 22

1. Combines two processes (ETC and Chemiosmosis/ATP Synthase)
2. Produces 32-34 ATP

Front 23

Define the steps of ETC (5)

Back 23

1. Collection of molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
2. Use e- that were gathered up in previous steps (NADH + H+ and FADH2) to produce a proton (H+) gradient
3. The hydrogens (e-) removed combine w/ O2 to form water (product of cellular resp.)
4. e- (H+) are trandsferred to enzyme complexes by HADH + H+ & FADH2
5. e- move down until oxygen accepts the H+ to form water

Front 24

How many enzyme complexes does ETC have?

Back 24

1-3

Front 25

ETC: What are the enzyme complexes called and what do they do?

Back 25

cytochromes (e- carriers) - they transfer e-

Front 26

In step 3 of the ETC, hydrogens are removed w/ O2 to form water...is this anaerobic or aerobic?

Back 26

aerobic

Front 27

ATP Synthase...
=It is a ____ ____ in the inner mito. mem.
=Makes ___ from ___
=Uses the ___ ______ created by the ETC
=Uses ___ associated w/ this gradient to produce ATP

Back 27

=protein complex
=ATP...ADP + P-
=ion gradient
=E

Front 28

What is the Ion Gradient?

Back 28

1. High H+ in the intermembrane space
2. Low H+ in the mitochondrial matrix

Front 29

Chemiosmosis...
1. Couples ____ to ATP Synthase
2. __ __ from ETC drives the synthesis of ATP using ATP Synthase
3. What is being pumped out to make a gradient (ETC) and wants to get back in through ATP Synthase?
4. __ __ uses the E from H+ moving down the concentration gradient to turn ADP + P- into __

Back 29

1. ETC
2. H+ gradient
3. H+
4. ATP Synthase....ATP

Front 30

2 types of fermentation

Back 30

lactic acid and alcohol

Front 31

Difference btwn 2 fermentations?

Back 31

alcohol coverts pyruvate into ethanol and lactic coverts pyruvate into lactic acid. alcohol uses yeast and bacteria to carry out the process and releases CO2.

Front 32

Fermentation....anaerobic or aerobic respiration? why?

Back 32

anaerobic resp. b.c it produce ATP w/o O2

Front 33

Define Catabolism Versatility

Back 33

Many carbs, proteins, lipids and fats can enter glycolysis to yield ATP.

Front 34

Define Biosynthesis

Back 34

organic molecules can be stored instead of being used for ATP synthase

Front 35

What is...PHOTOSYNTHESIS?!?!

Back 35

The process that converts solar E to chemical E

Front 36

What do autotrophs (producers) do?

Back 36

Produce products that not only nourish themselves but also nourish consumers

Front 37

Ex. of an autotroph and it's fxn

Back 37

Photoautotroph - organisms that use sunlight + H20 + CO2 to make organic molecules (glucose)

Front 38

What do heterotrophs (consumers) do?

Back 38

Obtain their food by consuming other organisms

Front 39

Where does photosynthesis occur and what does it result in?

Back 39

CHLOROPLAST FOOL!
Results in the splitting of H2O (O2 given off by the plants comes from water not CO2)

Front 40

Chemical Eq. for Chloroplast

Back 40

6CO2 + 12H2O + light E --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

Front 41

T/F: Photosynthesis is not a redox rxn.

Back 41

False. It is. CO2 is reduced.

Front 42

2 Stages of photosynthesis

Back 42

light rxns and calvin cycle

Front 43

Light rxns are...

Back 43

1. carried out by molecules in the thylakoid membrane
2. covert light E to chem E ATP & NADPH)
3. Splits H2O and reases O2 into the atmosphere

Front 44

What the heck is light...?

Back 44

A form of electromagnetic E, which travels in waves

Front 45

Well, what's a wavelength?

Back 45

The distance btwn the crests of waves.

Front 46

What do wavelengths determine?

Back 46

The type of electromagnetic E