Biology Bsc 1010 Ch. 1-3

Front 1

Vertical Descent with Mutation

Back 1

progression of changes in a lineage, new species evolve from pre-existing species by the accumulation of mutations, natural selection takes advantage of beneficial mutations (tree of life)

Front 2

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Back 2

•genetic exchange between different species

•rare

•genes that confer antibiotic resistance are sometimes transferred between different bacteria species

Front 3

Classification of Living Things

Back 3

In science, the practice of classifying organisms is called taxonomy (Taxis means arrangement and nomos means method).

1. Domain

2.Kingdom

3. Phylem

4. Class

5. Order

6.Family

7. Genus

8. Species

Front 4

Scientific Method

Back 4

1. Observe

2. Hypothesis

3. Research

4. Test hypothesis

5. Is it working

Front 5

Control Group

Back 5

The control group remains constant.

Front 6

Experimental group

Back 6

Is the group that receives the experiment

Front 7

The complete genetic makeup of an organism is called its...

Back 7

Genome

Front 8

What is Matter?

Back 8

anything that has mass & occupies space. In living organisms, matter may exist in any of three states: solid, liquid, or gas. All matter is composed of atoms.

Front 9

Atoms

Back 9

• the smallest unit of matter that makes every matter

Are made up of Electrons, protons, and neutrons

• cannot be broken down naturally

•is a chemical element

Front 10

Proteomes

Back 10

the composition of proteins that a cell or organism can make

Front 11

Atomic number

Back 11

Number of protons in an atom.

Front 12

Isotopes

Back 12

•Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

•Different version of Atoms

•same number of proteins but different number of neutrons.

Front 13

What are the four things that make up every living organisms?

Back 13

Just four elements--Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen--account for the vast majority of atoms in living organisms.

Front 14

Suger Glucose (formula)

Back 14

(C⬇6 H ⬇12 O⬇6)

6 carbon atoms

12 hydrogen atoms

6 oxygen atoms

•Major source of energy for our cells and organs

Front 15

What are the 3 types of bonds?

Back 15

Bonds are created between atoms so they can minimize energy

1. Covalent Bond

•electrons are shared

•can be polar covalent or nonpolor bond

2. Hydrogen Bond

•the bonds between water molecules that help them stick together--weak bonds

3. Ionic Bond

Ironically attracted hint##

• Electrons are transferred, forming ions that are attracted to each other

Front 16

Chemical Reaction

Back 16

When one or more substances are changed into other substances

Reactants➡ products

Front 17

Solutes

Back 17

Hydrophilic- water loving

•dissolves in water

Hydrophobic- water fearing

• do not dissolve in water

• e.g. oils

Amphipathic- both loves

•have both polar and nonpolor regions

•may form micelles in water

•Dertergent is an amphipathic molecule

Front 18

H2O in three states of matter

Back 18

Solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor)

Involve am input or release of energy

Heat of vaporization

Heat of fusion

Front 19

The pH scale

Back 19

pH =-log⬇10[H+]

Acidic solutions are pH 6 or below

pH 7 is neutral

Alkaline solutions are pH 8 or above

Front 20

Buffers

Back 20

A buffer is usually a pair of substances, and acid and its related base, that minimizes pH fluctuations in the fluids of living organism.

E.g. acid rain did not effect rivers and streams because of limestone, which is a natural buffer and help it remain constant

•maintain a constant pH

•an Acid Buffer system can shift to remove or release H+

Front 21

The Carbon Atom

Back 21

•Organic molecules contain carbon

•Macromolecules are large, complex organic molecules

Front 22

Carbon

Back 22

• Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell

It can make up to four bonds

Front 23

Biologically important functional groups that bond to Carbon

Back 23

Front 24

Isomers

Back 24

Isomers are two molecules with an identical molecules formula but different structures and characteristics

Front 25

Enzymes define

Back 25

Are molecules that catalyz

Front 26

Carbohydrates

Back 26

Are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

Front 27

Four Major Classes of Organic Molecules Found in Living Cells

Back 27

Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids

Front 28

Lipids

Back 28

Lipids, composed predominantly of hydrogen and carbon atoms, are nonpolar and insoluble in water.

• major classes of lipids include fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes

Front 29

Fats

Back 29

That's, also called triglycerides, are formed by bonding glycerol with Three fatty acids.

Front 30

Phospholipids

Back 30

Phospholipids are similar in structure to triglycerides, except that one glycerol is linked to a phosphate group instead of a fatty acid.

Front 31

Steroids

Back 31

Steroids are constructed of four fused rings of carbon atoms.

Small differences in steroid structure can lead to profoundly different biological properties

E.g. estrogen and testosterone

Hint 31

Front 32

6 Major Categories of Proteins

Back 32

Motor proteins

Defense proteins

Metabolic enzymes

Cell signaling proteins

Structural proteins

Transporters

Front 33

Waxes

Back 33

Another class of lipids, are nonpolar and repel water, and are often found as a protective coatings

E.g. wax on leaves and animals' bodies

Front 34

Proteins

Back 34

Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen of other elements such as sulfur.

A protein is a functional unit composed of one or more polypeptide that have folded and twisted into precise three three-dimensional shapes.

Front 35

proteins of all living organisms are composed of?

Back 35

20 amino acids, which contain any difference on chains

Essential amino acids-- that we need to have our diet

Front 36

Peptide bond

Back 36

Amino acid are joined by linking the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another forming a peptide bond.

Front 37

Nucleic Acids

Back 37

Nucleic acids responsible for the storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information.

Front 38

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

Back 38

The two types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Front 39

Similarities do DNA and RNA consist of?

Back 39

DNA and RNA consist of repeating monomers known as nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of a phosphate group, a five carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and a single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms called a base.

Front 40

Nucleotide

Back 40

Nucleotides are conveniently linked together to form a strand.