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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell size order |
Plant > animal > bacteria |
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Eukaryotic |
With nucleus |
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Prokaryotic |
Without nucleus |
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Eukaryotic cells have |
Mitrochondria Ribosome Chloroplasts Nucleus Cell wall Cell membrane DNA Cytoplasm |
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Prokaryotic cells have |
Flagellum Plasma Slime capsular Cell wall Cell membranes DNA Cytoplasm |
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All cells have |
Cell wall Cell membrane DNA Cytoplasm |
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Chromosomes is found |
In the nucleus of animal and plant cells |
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What are chromosomes made of |
Histones ( protein ) circles DNA ( loopy lines going through circles) |
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How many chromosomes do we have |
46 = 23 pairs |
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Size order ( chromosomes) |
Nucleus Chromosomes DNA Genes |
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What is mitosis |
Cell division |
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Why is mitosis important |
You can’t grow without it and can’t heal cuts as it produces body cells |
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What is mitosis not good for |
Uncontrolled cell growth causing cancer etc. |
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How often do cells divide |
10% of the cell cycle |
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The cell cycle ( PMAT ) |
Interphase : chromosomes double to 92 in the cell Prophase : the chromosomes pair up in the middle Metaphase : the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and spindle fibres form Anaphase: the chromatids move away from each other Telophase : the cell splits into two identical daughter cells both with 46 chromosomes |
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Stem cells can |
Regrow limbs Treat medical conditions |
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Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells |
Embryonic can turn into any cell Adult cells can only turn into some cells |
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Stem cells can treat |
Blood and bone marrow cancer Allergies |
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Theraputic cloning |
Body won’t reject it as it is their own cell with their DNA Some people disagree ‘ playing god ‘ |
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Meristems ( plant tissue ) |
Areas of a plant where unspecialised cells group together, majority of growth takes place |
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Merristems can turn into |
Any cell in the plant and can specialise more than once |
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Electron microscope |
Expensive but better quality and expensive and awkward to maintain |
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Light microscopes |
Cheap Not the best quality Can be used any where Not hard to maintain |
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Total magnification = |
Eye price magnification x objective magnification |
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Measurements |
Centimetres. x 10 millimetre. x1000 micrometers. x1000 manometers Divide to go down |
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Image size equ |
Actual size x magnification |
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Magnification equ |
Image size / actual size |
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Actual size equ |
Image size / magnification |
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Diffusion and it’s steps |
Is the movement of particles for a height to low concern traction gradient 1. Particles separate when fort together 2. Due to random motion the cells mix randomly 3. Particles now nearly diffused Particles are fully diffused |
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Things affect diffusion |
Temp ( high makes quicker) Distance particles must travel ( short makes quicker) Concentration gradient ( large makes quicker |
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Diffusion in breathing |
Oxygen moves from a high conc. in alveoli to low conc. in the blood stream Carbon dioxide moves from low conc. in alveoli to low conc. in blood stream |
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Alveoli adaptions |
Thin Fine capillaries Moist Large surface area |
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Diffusion in digestion |
Good molecules move from high comic. In gut to low conc. in the blood |
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Diffusion in a leaf |
Carbon dioxide moves from high conc. outside to low conc. in the air spaces through true stomata Oxygen moves from a low conc. outside to a high conc in the air spaces through the stomata |
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Osmosis |
Water molecules move from a high conc ( dilute solution) to a low conc through a partially permeable membrane |
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Osmosis : isotonic |
Concentration of solutes is the same on the inside as it is on the outside Same amount going in as out = perfect cell |
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Osmosis = Hypotonic |
Concentration of solutes in the solution is lower outside the cell than inside it is hypnotic and the cell can burst |
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Hypertonic |
If the concentration is lower inside the cell than outside the solution is hypertonic and is can shrivel |
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Active transport |
Active process : low conc to high conc : needs energy Protein carrier carries molecules across Process releases energy ( respiration from APR Commonly takes place in root hair cell of plant |
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Mitochondria in Active transport |
This is needed as it is the site of respiration in cells providing lots of APT energy that is needed to go against the con gradient |
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Exchange surfaces equ |
SA : height x width cm3 Volume : h x w x l cm2 |
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Multi cellular organisms have |
Small surface areas compared to their volume ( not enough ) Substances can diffuse in and out to supply the whole organism |
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How are exchange surfaces effective? |
Thin - short distance to diffuse Large surface area - lots of substance can diffuse at once Good blood supply - maintains concentration gradient Moist - gases/ soluble substances dissolve |
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The smaller the surface area the easier it is for you to... |
Keep your body temperature warm You have an easier body to maintain |
