Biology Chapters 26-30

Front 1

Primary Growth

Back 1

Occurs in young leaves and in apical meristems (grows up)

Front 2

Secondary Growth

Back 2

Occurs when lateral meristem (vascular cambium) adds xylem and phloem to the stem (grows out)

Front 3

Cork

Back 3

Made by lateral meristems called cork cambium. Protects and waterproofs stems and roots.

Front 4

Vascular Cambium

Back 4

Provides cells for secondary growth, produces secondary xylem (inside) and secondary phloem (outside)

Front 5

Transpiration

Back 5

Evaporation of water from plants

Front 6

Xylem

Back 6

Conducts water and minerals

Front 7

Phloem

Back 7

Transports sugars from leaves to other parts of the plant

Front 8

Ground tissue system

Back 8

Neither dermal nor vascular

Front 9

Pith

Back 9

Internal ground tissue

Front 10

Cortex

Back 10

External ground tissue

Front 11

Dermal tissue system

Back 11

Plants outer protective covering

Front 12

Epidermis

Back 12

Layer of tightly packed cells

Front 13

Cuticle

Back 13

Waxy coating on plants surface

Front 14

Periderm

Back 14

Bark- thick outer covering of epidermis

Front 15

Types of plant cells

Back 15

Xylem

Phloem

Parenchyma

Sclarenchyma

Collenchyma

Front 16

Parenchyma

Back 16

Most metabolic functions

Front 17

Collenchyma

Back 17

Provide flexible support without restricting growth

Front 18

Sclarenchyma

Back 18

Support more rigidly. Contain lignin. Gritty parts of pears

Front 19

Symplast

Back 19

Living cells and plasmodesmota

Front 20

Apoplast

Back 20

Everything external to the plasma membrane of living cells. Cell walls, dead cells, vessel elements.

Front 21

Humus

Back 21

Remains of dead organisms

Front 22

Topsoil contains:

Back 22

A mix of rock fragments, living organisms, and humus.

Front 23

Innermost layer of root cortex

Back 23

Endodermis

Front 24

Secondary function of vascular tissue

Back 24

Provide support

Front 25

Gymnosperms

Back 25

Seeds not enclosed in Chambers, conifers

Front 26

Angiosperms

Back 26

Seeds develop in ovaries

Front 27

Process of producing haploid spores

Back 27

Meiosis

Front 28

Gametophyte

Back 28

Haploid individual. Produces haploid gametes: sperm and eggs

Front 29

Sporophyte

Back 29

Diploid individual; Produces haploid spores

Front 30

Pericarp

Back 30

Fleshy part of fruit

Front 31

4 basic groups of plants with examples of each

Back 31

1.Bryophytes: mosses, liverworts, hornwarts

2.Seedless vascular plants: ferns, horsetails, club mosses

3. Gymnosperms: pine, fir, redwoods

4. Angiosperms: flowers, fruit trees

Front 32

What set the stage for plants to grow tall?

Back 32

Vascular tissues transport water and nutrients up and down, roots anchor and absorb water and nutrients, lignin supports and strengthens cell walls

Front 33

How did plants and fungi impact the environment when they colonized land?

Back 33

*Photosynthesis altered atmosphere

*Formed bases of intricate food webs

*Provide habitats for animals

*Leaf debris on Forest floors feeds microorganisms, insects, worms.

*Plant litter washed into streams feeds fish and aquatic animals

*Plant roots create habitats for animals and other organisms and stabilize soil

*Fungi break down organic material and recycle nutrients

Front 34

Alternation of generations

Back 34

Life cycle characterized by multicellular haploid and diploid generations

Front 35

Spores

Back 35

Asexual reproductive structure of plants and fungi

Front 36

Gametophyte dominant

Back 36

Mosses, simple plants

Front 37

Sporophyte dominant

Back 37

Complex plants; trees

Front 38

Advantages of seeds

Back 38

*can remain dormant until favorable conditions

*Can be dispersed far away from parent plant

*Better suited to drier conditions

Front 39

What groups of plants have seeds and pollen?

Back 39

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

Front 40

How do plants benefit humans?

Back 40

*food

*Fibers: cotton

*Medicine: codeine

*Materials: lumber, rubber

*Beverages: coffee, tea

*Oils: perfumes

Front 41

Lichen

Back 41

Symbiotic relationship between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus.

Break down rock surfaces affecting formation of soil

Front 42

Endophytes

Back 42

*fungi that live in leaves or other plant parts

*Make toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens

Front 43

Parasites

Back 43

Absorb nutrients from plant but provide no benefits. (Blight)

Front 44

3 basic plant organs

Back 44

Stem- transports nutrients, holds plant up

Roots- absorb water and nutrients

Leaves- absorb light and create sugars using photosynthesis

Front 45

2 plant organ systems

Back 45

-roots

-shoots

Front 46

Taproot

Back 46

Main vertical root, goes deep into ground

Front 47

Lateral or fibrous roots

Back 47

Branch off tap root

Front 48

Adventitious roots

Back 48

Arise from stems: sprout from nodes

Front 49

Evolutionary adaptation of roots

Back 49

Reach water in ground

Anchor plants to grow tall

Store starch and water

Form partnerships with bacteria and fungi

Front 50

Alternative stem types

Back 50

Rhizomes: parallel roots

Tubers: starch storage (potatoes)

Stolons: runners

Front 51

Structure of a leaf

Back 51

Flattened blade, stalk (petiole), veins

Front 52

Evolutionary adaptation of leaves

Back 52

Spines (cactus), tendrils (peas), reproductive, storage (onion)

Front 53

Monocots

Back 53

*one cotyledon

*Veins parallel

*Scattered vascular tissue in stem

*Fibrous roots

*Pollen grain with one opening

*Floral organs in multiples of 3

(Lilies)

Front 54

Dicots

Back 54

*two cotyledons

*Veins net-like

*Vascular tissue in a ring

*Taproot

*Pollen grain with 3 openings

*Floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5

Front 55

3 fundamental tissues

Back 55

1. Dermal tissue- outer covering

2. Vascular tissue- transport

3. Ground tissue

Front 56

Two types of meristems

Back 56

Apical and lateral

Front 57

Potassium ion helps to control

Back 57

Guard cell opening and closing

Front 58

Cohesion/adhesion theory

Back 58

Why the water moves up the plant

Front 59

Sugars are transported from ___ to ____ via ____

Back 59

Sources to sinks, water

Hint 59

Sap

Front 60

Xylem cells

Back 60

Dead cells forming hollow tubing

Front 61

Has gametophyte dominance

Back 61

Bryophyte

Front 62

Meristem tissue is found in:

Back 62

Tips and roots

Front 63

Indeterminate growth

Back 63

Grows throughout life, no terminal growth. Can grow as long as conditions are favorable.

Front 64

Wet mass of plants is mostly

Back 64

Water

Front 65

Dry mass of plants 96% is made of

Back 65

Carbon hydrogen oxygen

Front 66

Fertilizers are mostly

Back 66

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

Front 67

Soil is categorized by:

Back 67

The size of the particle

Front 68

Mutualistic bacteria are called

Back 68

Rhizobacteria

Front 69

Bacteria who fix the soil

Back 69

Nitrogen fixing bacteria makes the nitrogen usable to the plant

Front 70

Epiphyte

Back 70

Uses another plant for structure, does not take nutrients

Front 71

Grow in low nitrogen areas

Back 71

Carnivorous plants

Front 72

Double fertilization produces

Back 72

Zygote and endosperm

Front 73

Endosperm grows into

Back 73

Nutrition for the zygote

Front 74

Male parts of a flower (fix this!!)

Back 74

Anther, filament

Front 75

Female parts of a flower (fix this!)

Back 75

Ovule

Front 76

Ovary becomes ____ after fertilization

Back 76

Fruit