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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Photosynthesis |
Uses light energy from the sun to power a chemical process that makes organic molecules |
Sun and food |
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Autotroph |
Makes their own organic matter from inorganic nutrients. Plants and other similar organisms do this. Ecosystem depends upon them for food |
Producers |
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Heterotroph |
Cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones. Eat plants or other animals. |
Consumers |
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Ingredients for photosynthesis |
CO2: obtained from the air by leaves H2O: obtained from damp soil by plant's roots. |
💦 🍃 |
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Chloroplasts |
Contains chlorophyll Uses light energy to rearrange the atoms of CO2 and H2O to make: - Sugars (Glucose) - Other organic molecules - Oxygen |
🍬 🍃 others |
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Cellular Respiration |
Main way chemical energy is harvested from food and converted into ATP. An aerobic process requiring oxygen. |
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ATP |
Adenosine Triphosphate - Acts like an energy shuttle - Stores energy obtained from food - releases energy later as needed - Broken down into ADP to release energy |
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ADP |
Adenosine Diphosphate Empty energy storage of ATP Missing one phosphate. |
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What is the difference between cellular respiration and breathing? |
Cellular respiration: cells exchange gases with its surroundings, taking in oxygen and releasing waste carbon dioxide gas. Breathing: exchanges these same gases between the blood and outside air. |
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Redox Reaction |
Chemical reactions that transfer electrons from one substance to another. |
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Oxidation |
The loss of electrons during redox reaction. |
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Reduction |
The acceptance of electrons during redox reaction |
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During cellular respiration... |
Glucose is oxidized while oxygen is reduced. |
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Why does electron transfer to oxygen release energy? |
When electrons move from glucose to oxygen, it's as though the electrons are falling. The fall of electrons releases energy during cellular respiration. |
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Energy |
The capacity to perform work. |
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Kinetic energy |
Energy of motion. |
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Potential energy |
Stored energy |
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Conservation of energy is... |
The principal that energy cannot be created or destroyed. |
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Entropy |
The measure of disorder or randomness. All energy conversions increase the entropy of the universe. |
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Human body converts what percentage of food to energy? |
About 40% |
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Phosphate Transfer |
ATP energizes other molecules by transferring phosphate groups, helping cells perform - Mechanical work - Transport work - Chemical work |
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ATP Cycle |
- Cellular work spends ATP - ATP is recycled from ADP and a phosphate group through cellular respiration - Working muscle cell spends and recycles about 10 million ATP molecules per second |
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Metabolism |
Total of all chemical reactions in an organism. Most metabolic reactions require the assistance of enzymes. |
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Enzymes |
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions. |
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Activation energy |
- Activates reactants - Triggers a chemical reaction - Reduced energy cost for chemical reactions by Enzymes |
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Substrate |
A specific reactant molecule recognized by an enzyme |
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Induced Fit |
When an active site fits to the substrate, and the enzyme changes shape slightly. |
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Enzyme Inhibitor |
Prevent metabolic reactions by binding to the active site. |
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Transport Proteins |
Regulate the passage of materials into and out of the cell. |
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Diffusion |
The tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out into the available space. |
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Passive Transport |
Diffusion of a substance across a membrane without the input of energy. |
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Concentration Gradient |
A region in which the substance's density changes. |
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Hypertonic solution |
Has a higher concentration of solute |
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Hypotonic solution |
Has a lower concentration of solute |
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Isotonic solution |
Has an equal concentration of solute |
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Osmoregulation |
The control of water balance within a cell or organism |
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Osmosis |
the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration |
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Endocytosis |
Takes material into a cell within vesicles that bud inward from the plasma membrane |
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Three types of endocytosis |
- Phagocytosis - Pinocytosis - Receptor mediated endocytosis |
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Phagocytosis |
"Cellular Eating" A cell engulfs a particle and packages it within a food vacuole |
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Pinocytosis |
"Cellular Drinking" A cell gulps droplets of fluid by forming tiny vesicles |
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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis |
A cell takes in very specific molecules |
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Electron Acceptor is... |
NAD+ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Transfer of electrons from organic fuel to NAD+ reduces it to NADH |
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Electron Transport Chain |
Involves a series of redox reactions Which ultimately leads to the production of large amounts of ATP |
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Three reactions involved in Cellular Respiration... |
- Glycolysis - Citric Acid Cycle - Electron Transport |
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Glycolysis |
Uses two ATP molecules per glucose to split the six-carbon glucose, making an additional four ATP directly when enzymes transfer phosphate groups from fuel molecules to ADP Glycolysis produces a net of two molecules of ATP per glucose molecule. |
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Citric Acid Cycle |
Extracts energy of sugar by breaking the acetic acid molecules all the way down to CO2 Uses some of this energy to make ATP Forms NAD and FADH2 |
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Pyruvic Acid |
Made of three CO2 Is the product of Glycolysis Is used in the process to make Acetic Acid |
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Electron Transport |
Releases the energy your cells need to make the most of their ATP |
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Molecules of Electron Transport Chains are built into... |
The inner membranes of mitochondria. |
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ATP Synthase |
Takes energy from hydrogen ion flow and synthesis ATP |
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Calvin Cycle |
Uses the products of the light reactions to make sugar from carbon dioxide within the Stroma of a chloroplast. Regenerates the starting material with each turn. |
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Electromagnetic Spectrum |
The full range of radiation, including all possible frequencies of the name. |
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Pigment |
Material that changes the color of transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption |
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Chloroplast contains these pigments... |
- Chlorophyll a - Chlorophyll b - Carotenoids |
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Chlorophyll a |
Absorbs mostly blue-violet and red light. Participates directly in the light reactions. |
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Chlorophyll b |
Absorbs mostly blue and orange light. Participates indirectly in the light reactions. |
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Carotenoids |
Absorbs mainly blue-green light. Participates indirectly in the light reactions. Absorb and dissipate excessive light energy that might damage chlorophyll. |
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Photosystem |
A group of chlorophyll and other molecules that function as a light-gathering antenna. |
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Thylakoid Membrane |
Bound compartment j side chloroplast and cyanobacteria. It is the site of light-dependant reactions of photosynthesis. |
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