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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the nucleus contain?
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most of the genes in the eukaryotic cells
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Other than the nucleus, where else are genes stored?
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in the mitochondria and chloroplasts
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What the nuclear envelope do?
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encloses the nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm
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How many membranes does the nuclear envelope have?
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two. double membrane.
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what makes up the double membrane of a nucleus envelope?
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lipid bilayer with protein
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True or False: There are pores on the nuclear envelope.
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True.
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true or false: the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope are incontinuous on the lip of each pore.
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False. The envelope is continuous on the lip of each pore.
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What does a pore complex do?
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regulates the entry and exit of most protein, RNA, and large complexes of macromolecules.
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Where is the pore complex located?
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at the lining of each pore on the nucleus
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What is a nuclear lamina made up of?
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netlike array of protein filaments.
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What does a nuclear lamina do?
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maintains the shape of the nucleus by supporting the nuclear envelope.
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Which side of the nuclear envelope is lined by the nuclear lamina?
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the nuclear side
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Are the pores of a nucleus lined with nuclear lamina?
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no
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what is a nuclear matrix?
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a framework of fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior
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What are chromosomes?
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stuctures that carry genetic information
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Within the nucleus, the DNA is organized into discrete units called _________.
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chromosomes
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What makes up chromatin?
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proteins and DNA
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Each chromosome is made up of a material called ___________
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chromatin
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When do the thin chromatin structures coil up?
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when they are about to divide
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True or False: Each eukaryotic species has the same number of chromosomes: 46.
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False. We all have a different number of chromosomes. Humans have 46, fruit flies have 8.
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What does a nucleous house?
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an organelle that houses rRNA in the nucleus.
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________ appears through the electron microscope as a mass of densely stained granules and fibers adjoining part of the chromatin.
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nucleous
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Where is ribosomal RNA synthesized?
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in the nucleous
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Where are proteins assembled with rRNA into large and small ribosomal subunits?
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in the nucleous
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When proteins are assembled with rRNA in the nucleous, where does the protein come from?
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the cytoplasm
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Where do the ribosomal subunits assembled in the nucleous go when they are finished and what do they do?
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they exit through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm where they are assembled into ribosomes.
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True or False: Sometimes there are two or more nucleoli.
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True. It depends on the species and the stage of the cell's reproductive cycle.
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True or False: Nucleoli have no involvement in cell division.
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False. Nucleolus can function in regulation of some cellular processes, like cell division.
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The nucleus directs protein synthesis by synthesizing ____________
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messenger RNA
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mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm via the ____________
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nuclear pores
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Once an mRNA molecule reaches the ________ , ________ translate the mRNA's genetic message into the primary structure of specific _________
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cytoplasm, ribosomes, polypeptide
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Ribosomes are complexes made of _________ and __________.
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rRNA and protein
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Ribosomes are the cellular components that carry out __________.
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protein synthesis.
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True or False: Cells that have a low rate of protein synthesis have a large number of ribosomes.
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False. A large number of ribosomes means a high rate of protein synthesis.
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What are the two types of ribosomes?
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free ribosomes and bound ribosomes.
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Where are free ribosomes located?
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in the cytosol
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Where are bound ribosomes located?
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on the ER or on the nuclear envelope
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True or False: Bound and Free ribosomes are structurally identical.
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True.
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True or False: A free ribosome can never carry out the functions of a bound ribosome.
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False. ribosomes can alternate between the two roles.
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Where do most of the proteins made on free ribosomes function?
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in the cytosol
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What is the usual function of proteins made from bound ribosomes?
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they get inserted into membranes for packaging certain organelle.
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What role do the ribosomes play in carrying out genetic instruction?
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Ribosomes along with mRNA (which is encoded by the DNA) carry out polypeptide synthesis (which is made up of amino acids brought to ribosomes by tRNA) that form protein.
polypeptides bonded together form protein. |
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Describe the molecular composition of nucleoli and explain their function.
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Nucleoli consists of DNA and rRNA as well as proteins imported from the cytoplasm.
The rNA and proteins are assembled into lg and sm ribosomal subunits. |
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A golgi stack has (choose one): a distinct or indistinct, structural polarity.
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distinct
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True or False: The cisternae on the Golgi are all the same size and have the same molecular composition.
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False. They are all distinctly different in thickness and composition
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What are the names of the two poles on the Golgi?
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cis and trans face
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Which is located closer to the ER, the cis or the trans face of the Golgi?
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the cis
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Which is the receiving end of the Golgi, the cis or trans?
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cis
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Which is the shipping end of the Golgi, the cis or the trans?
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trans
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Which end gives rise to vesicles on the Golgi, the cis or the trans?
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the trans
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True or False: Products of the ER are usually modified during their transit from the cis region to the trans region of the Golgi.
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True. The Golgi will modify it to determine where it will be shipped to.
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What does the Golgi modify on the protein from the ER?
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carbohydrates
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Are the carbohydrates added to the protein in the ER or the Golgi?
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ER (p. 106)
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What does the Golgi do to the carbohydrates attached to the protein when modifying it?
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it removes some sugar monomers and substitute others producing a variety of carbohydrates
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Other than carbohydrates, what else may be modified by the Golgi?
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membrane phospholipids
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True or False: The Golgi appratus can also manufacture certain macromolecules by itself.
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True. Many polysaccharides secreted by cells are products of the Golgi.
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Where is cellulose produced?
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in the plasma membrane
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Where do non-protein products made in the Golgi depart the Golgi?
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from the trans face
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What do contents in the Golgi leave in?
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vesicles
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True or False: The cisternae in the Golgi manufactures its products in various stages.
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True. They contain different enzymes that do different things.
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True or False: All the cisternae in the Golgi have the same types of enzymes that do the same things.
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False. They each contain their own unique team of enzymes
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What is the cisternal maturation model?
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a model of the Golgi that suggests that there is a system of cisternae from the cis to the trans that show that the cisternae are all in different stages.
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Does the Golgi target its products for different parts of the cell before or after leaving the trans face?
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before
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What type of groups act as a Zip code for products in the Golgi?
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phosphate groups
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How do transport vesicles recognize their "docking site"?
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they have external molecules on their membrane that recognize specific organelle or the plasma membrane
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True or False: After the contents of the Golgi are labelled, they are placed in any vesicle to be shipped out.
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False. Each vesicle is targeted appropriately because each vesicle recognizes specific organelle.
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What are lysosome used for?
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used to digest macromolecules
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What are lysosomes made up of?
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hydrolytic enzymes
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Are lysosomal enzymes affected by the pH of environments?
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Yes. They work best in acidic environments
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Why don't the contents of the lysosomal enzymes work outside of the lysosome? For example, if they were to leak out into the cytoplasm?
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because the cytoplasm has a neutral pH and it works best in an acidic pH
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Can excessive leakage from a lysosome affect a cell?
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yes. It can destroy a cell by autodigestion.
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Excessive leakage from a large number of lysosomes can destroy a cell by ___________.
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autodigestion
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Where are hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membrane made?
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rough ER
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Where do hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membrane go after being made in the rough ER?
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the Golgi for more processing.
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Why do hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membrane go to the Golgi?
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for more processing
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Why aren't lysosomal membranes and digestive enzymes destroyed in the lysosome?
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their 3D shapes are suppose to protect them from being destroyed
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Amoebas eating smaller organisms is an example of _________.
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phagocytosis
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What 3 things are considered nutrients for the cell?
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simple sugars, amino acids, and other monomers
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What is phagocytosis?
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When a large molecules uptakes a small molecule. "eating" the smaller molecule
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What 3 things do macromolecules typically represent?
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protein, nucleic acids, or polysaccharides
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Which cell in the human body carries out phagocytosis?
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macrophages
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What is a macrophage?
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a type of white blood cell
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What do macrophages destroy?
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bacteria
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What is autophagy?
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When a lysosome destroys a damaged part of the cell
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What two processes does a lysosome carry out?
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phagocytosis and autophagy
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What surrounds a damaged organelle or cytosol to carry out autophagy?
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a double membrane of unknown origin
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Which organelle helps the cell continually renew itself?
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the lysosome
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What is Tay-Sachs disease?
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A disease that is missing a lipid-digesting enzyme and the brain becomes impaired with the buildup of lipids
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When are food vacuoles formed?
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when the lysosome will be undergoing phagocytosis
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What are contractile vacuoles?
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pump excess water out of a cell in some freshwater protist
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In plants, what do vacuoles do?
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carry out hydrolysis
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Are vacuoles located in animals?
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No.
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What is the central vacuole made up of?
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smaller vacuoles
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Where are the smaller vacuoles that make up the central vacuole derived from?
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the endoplasmic recticulum and Golgi apparatus
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What is the name of the solution inside the central vacuole?
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cell sap
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What enables plant cells to become larger?
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the vacuole because there is minimal investment in the cytoplasm
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What 4 things can the vacuole do?
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1) stores nutrients
2) stores pigment 3) stores poisons 4) site of detoxification |
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Which organelle has been newly discovered to be technically part of the endomembrane?
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peroxisome
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What does peroxisome do?
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beta-oxidation in plants and animals
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What is the physical difference between the smooth ER and rough ER?
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the rough ER has ribosomes
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What 3 things does the smooth ER do?
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synthesize lipids, metabolize carbohydrates, and detox drugs
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Are steroids produced in the smooth or rough ER?
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smooth
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Are drugs detoxed in the smooth or rough ER?
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smooth
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Are calcium ions stored in the smooth or rough ER?
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smooth
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Are proteins secreted from the smooth or rough ER?
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rough
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Most secretory proteins are ________.
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glycoproteins
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What are glycoproteins?
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proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them
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True or False: The proteins formed from the bound ribosomes intermingle with the proteins formed from free ribosomes.
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False. They are kept seperate.
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