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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Herbivores
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Plant eater
example: cows, etc. |
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Carnivores
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meat eaters
example: cats, etc. |
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Omnivores
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plant and meat eaters
example: raccoon's, etc. |
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Fuel
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chemical energy for all cellular work
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Raw materials
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carbon skeletons for biosynthesis of all organic molecules
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Essential Nutrients
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substances that an animal cannot make for itself
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Cellular Respiration
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process in which ATP is generated in order to power basal metabolism, physiological activities, and thermoregulation in endotherms
example: cheetahs |
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Carbohydrates
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quick energy source
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Lipids
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long term energy storage
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Proteins
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last resort energy source after carbohydrates and lipids have been exhausted
example: hummingbird |
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Glucose Regulation
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1. when glucose is not used, it is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver
2. excess glucose- that which is not converted into glycogen- is stored as fat 3. when needed, glycogen can be converted into energy |
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Undernourishment
*tested in the form of multiple choice |
stores of glycogen and fat are depleted and the body begins breaking down proteins for metabolism
a. brain becomes protein deficient b. muscles decrease in size c. death eventually results d. causes: starvation, anorexia |
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Obesity
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body hoards/ stores fat instead of using it for fuel
a. colon, breast cancer, diabetes develops b. cardiovascular disease increases (heart attacks, strokes) c. causes: diet, sedentary life style, leptin (feel their always starving) deficiency |
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Malnourishment
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a diet missing one or more essential nutrients
a. essential nutrients- materials that must be obtained in preassembled form because the body cannot make them b. example: ascorbic acid (orange juice) |
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Amino acids
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8 of which must be obtained in preassembled form for the body cannot manufacture them
a. animals require 20 AA for protein synthesis b. protein diet enables body to manufacture 12 c. sources: animal products (cheese, eggs, meat, etc.) and plant products |
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Amino Acid deficiency
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protein deficiency, usually in children who are likely lagging in physical and mental development
Example: bellies extending in kids |
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Fatty Acids
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dietary requirement necessary to build cell membranes
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Unsaturated fatty acids
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found in plant based oils; liquid at room temperature
i. less than the maximum number of H's ii. double bond iii. healthy example: corn oil, canola oil, virgin olive oil instead of butter |
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Saturated fatty acids
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found in animal based oils; solids at room temperature
i. single bond, maximum number of H's ii. unhealthy |
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Vitamins
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ORGANIC molecules required in small amounts, preventing deficiencies which could result in severe problems
a. 13 essential vitamins for humans b. most found in a balanced diet |
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Water soluble
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easily dissolved in water and are excreted from the body
i. Vitamin C (connective tissue production) |
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Fat Soluble
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absorbed through the intestinal tract and accumulate in the body
i. Vitamin D (Ca absorption, bone formation) example: milk |
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Minerals
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simple INORGANIC molecules required in small amounts preventing deficiencies which could result in severe problems
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Essential Minerals *not on exam
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i. Ca, P- bone construction, maintenance
ii. Fe- component in hemoglobin iii. I- maintains thyroid function iv. Na, K, Cl- nerve function, osmotic balance |
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Ingestion
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Process of eating
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Digestion
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breakdown of food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb
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Absorption
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cellular uptake of small molecules by digestive system
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Elimination
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passage of undigested material from the digestive system
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Complete Digestive Tract
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digestive tube extending between mouth and anus
a. one way *tube within a tube example: snake digestive tract |
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Intracellular digestion
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hyrolytic enzymes released into vacuole where organic molecules are broken down without digesting cytoplasm
a. phagocytosis or pinocytosis b. lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles to release enzymes example: amoeba preparing for intracellular digestion |
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Extracellular Digestion
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hydrolytic enzymes released outside of cells within a compartment continuous with the exterior
a. allows for larger prey/more food to be digested example: human digestive tract and stomach lining cells |
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Gastrovascular Cavity
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digestive sac with one opening that functions in digestion and absorption of nutrients throughout organism
a. Example: cnidarians (jelly fish) |
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Peristalsis
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rhythmic waves of contraction by involuntary smooth muscles in walls of tracts
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Sphincter
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ring-like valve that regulates passage of material between specialized regions of the tract
*make sure food moves one way so it doesn't come back |
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Oral Cavity
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where food is mechanically (teeth) and chemically (saliva) broken down
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Saliva
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contains digestive enzymes, mucin which protects the mouth's living from abrasion, and lubricants to make the food easier to swallow
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Tongue
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tastes and manipulates food while chewing; shapes it into a ball (bolus)
a. pushes the bolus to the back of the mouth prior to swallowing example: tongue papillae |
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Pharynx
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junction that opens to both the esophagus and trachea
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Esophagus
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conducts food from the mouth to the stomach by peristalsis
a. swallowing is voluntary (striated muscles), however the rest of digestion is involuntary (smooth muscles) |
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Stomach
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site of continuing digestion and food storage
a. stretches to accommodate 2L of food b. secretes i. gastric juices ii. pepsin iii. HCL c. prevents self digestion d. end results |
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Stomach self digestion
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i. delayed activation of enzymes until in lumen of stomach
ii. secretion of a mucus coating from stomach living cells iii.constant regeneration of stomach lining cells by mitosis |
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Stomach End Results
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i. nutrient-rich acidic chyme is produced
ii. chyme leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine by way of the pyloric sphincter |
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small intestine
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site of enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules and absorption of nutrients into blood stream
a. up to 6m long in humans b. site of most nutrient absorption c. large surface area (300 m^2) |
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Villi
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finger like projections into lumen of the small intestine
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Microvilli
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microscopic finger like projections on top of the villi
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Lacteals
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small lymphatic vessels that, along with blood vessels, penetrate villi in order to absorb nutrients
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Pancreas
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produces hydrolytic enzymes and bicarbonate that acts as buffers to the acidic chyme
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Liver
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produces bile containing bile salts that act as detergents or emulsifiers which aid in the digestion and absorption of fats
a. Hepatic portal vein |
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Hepatic portal vein
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vessel where capillaries and veins carrying nutrient rich blood from villi converge
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Large Intestine (colon)
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site of water absorption; along with small intestine, absorbs approximately 90% of water that enters the digestive tract
a. up to 1.5 m long in humans b. site of feces formation c. home to many bacteria (found in feces) d. E. Coli e. Viral/bacterial infections irritate the lining of the small intestine, reducing water absorption resulting in diarrhea f. too slow and too much water is absorbed resulting in constipation example: e. coli found in small intestine |
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Rectum
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endpoint of the colon; stores feces until they can be eliminated
a. two sphincters are located between the rectum and anus- one voluntary, the other involuntary |
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Homodont
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teeth are identical in shape; used for grasping and swallowing prey whole
a. examples: fish, amphibians, reptiles |
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Heterodont
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teeth are different in shape; used for tearing and chewing, breaking food down into smaller pieces
a. include incisors, bicuspids (canines), molars (carnassials) b. example: mammal |
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Expandable Stomach
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allows for more ingestion at one time; next meal unknown
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Elongated intestine
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creates more surface are for more absorption of hard to digest plant material
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Symbiosis
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herbivores house methanogens which contain enzymes to assist in breaking down cellulose
a. location of symbiotic bacteria in the digestive tract varies from species to species |