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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the cell theory? |
The cell theory is a scientific theory that describes the properties of a cell |
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What is the difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?
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Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles and prokaryotic cells dont |
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Features of Prokaryotic cells |
-1st cell -primitive - bacteria |
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Features of Eukaryotic cells |
-Complex -plants, animals and fungi - look for a nucleus |
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Nucleolus |
Round granular structure within the nucleus of a cell and composed of protein and RNA |
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Nucleoplasm |
the substance of a cell nucleus (not forming part of nucleolus) |
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Nuclear membrane |
a double lipid bilayer surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in Eukaryotic cells |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
rough- studded with ribosomes and makes lipids smooth- has no ribosomes and makes proteins Breaks down harmful substances and packages proteins for Golgi bodies |
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Ribosomes |
Makes proteins Attached to ER |
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Mitochondria |
breaks down food molecules to provide energy |
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Golgi bodies/apparatus |
makes and transports proteins and other materials out of the cell |
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Lysosomes |
digests food particles, wastes, cell parts and foreign invaders |
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Chloroplasts |
contain chloroplasts makes food by photosynthesis found in plant cells |
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Cell wall |
a protective coating for a plant cell |
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Cell membrane |
decides what enters and leaves the cell |
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Centrioles |
a small set of microtubules found in pairs and move to poles in cell division |
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Cytoskeleton |
provides shape and structure acts as skeleton and muscle |
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Microtubules |
microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells sometimes aggregating to form complex cells |
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Vacuoles |
Stores water and other materials |
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why is the cell membrane described as semi-permeable? |
it only allows water and certain ions that are selected to pass through it while restricting some others |
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Mitosis |
Cell division which results in the production of two identical daughter cells for multicellular organisms to grow, develop and repair |
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Prophase |
mitosis begins spindle fibres form centrioles appear and begin moving to opposite poles |
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Metaphase |
Chromosomes align at the equatorial plate they stay in place by centrioles attached to spindle fibres at the centromere of the chromosomes |
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Anaphase |
Centromeres divide sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles |
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Telophase |
Two nuclei form centrioles disappear condensed chromatin expand nuclear envelope reappears cell membrane pinches invoids |
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four stages diagram |
p |
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what characteristics do daughter cells have in common? |
they are both identical |
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Meiosis how many cells are produced |
cell division that divides sex cells half the number of chromosomes in a body cell 23 chromosomes |
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Haploid and Diploid cells |
Haploid- half the number of chromosomes as a diploid ( a single copy of genetic info) (gamete) Diploid- a complete set of chromosomes (zygote) (two copies of the genetic info) |
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Karyotype |
the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species |
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Dominant/Recessive |
both parents carry a normal gene and a faulty one the dominant gene masks the recessive one dominant traits have a capital letter and the recessive doesn't |
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Intermediate/Incomplete |
"partial dominance" one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele |
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Co-dominant Group A IA IA or IAi Group B IB IB or IBi Group AB IAIB Group o ii |
the relationship between two versions of a gene one version of a gene from each parent blood grouping |
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Sex-linked --> haemophilia |
genes that are carried by either sex chromosome |
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Allele |
different form of a trait eg: one horn, two horns |
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Genotype |
the gene made up of a trait expressed as a set f upper case and lower case letters |
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Phenotype |
the physical presentation pf the genetic expression |
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Homozygous Homozygous dominant Homozygous |
having the same two alleles for a genetic trait FF ff |
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Heterozygous |
having two different alleles for a genetic trait Ff |
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True Breed |
offspring have the same homozygous trait as the parent |
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Hybrid |
offspring having one allele from each homozygous parent |
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Carrier |
offspring having a recessive trait masked by a dominant trait may express itself in future generations |
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Mutation |
any change to DNA in a gene or chromosome |
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Genome |
total genetic material in an organism |
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amniocentesis |
a technique used to obtain a small sample of fluid from sac around the foetus to test for genetic abnormalities |
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BASES |
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine "apples on the tree" "cars in the garage" |
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Human Genome Project |
advantages - gives you treatment - diagnosis of disease -reducing inheritable mutations -replacement ofdefective gene disadvantages- expensive -people may be able to access your private information as it runs through bank, etc. |
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Interphase |
part of the cell where it spends most its time carrying on metabolism |
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Early Prophase |
in meiosis is when crossing over,thickening and condensing happens in mitosis is when the nuclear membrane disappears and the crossing over occurs |
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homologous pairs |
a pair of chromosomes that contain the same gene sequence each from one parent |
