Biology

Front 1

glucose vs ribose

Back 1

glucose: 6 carbon
ribose: 5 carbon

Front 2

example of monosaccharides

Back 2

fructose, glucose, galactose

Front 3

examples of disaccharides

Back 3

lactose, maltose, sucrose

Front 4

examples of polysaccharides

Back 4

starch, cellulose, glycogen

Front 5

State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen

Back 5

glucose: energy source, can be broken down to form ATP
lactose: sugar in milk
glycogen: short term energy source

Front 6

hydrolysis

Back 6

break down to smaller parts

Front 7

condension

Back 7

bond together to form larger molecules, used in digestion

Front 8

role of lipids

Back 8

energy storage
heat isolation
less dense makes animals float

main component of membrane

Front 9

Compare the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage

Back 9

carbon:
short term
souble in water (easy to transport)
more rapidly ingested

lipids: more energy per gram

Front 10

condon

Back 10

Codons are a triplet of bases which encodes a particular amino acid

Front 11

translation

Back 11

protein synthesis in which the genetic information encoded in mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Front 12

what direction?

Back 12

5 TO 3

Front 13

what moves in that direction?

Back 13

the ribosomes, and they also catalyse the formation of peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids (via a condensation reaction

Front 14

enzyme

Back 14

A globular protein that increases the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy threshold (i.e. a biological catalyst)

Front 15

active site

Back 15

An area on the surface of the enzyme which binds to the substrate

Front 16

enzyme

Back 16

an enzyme's active site matches an specific substrate. for a substrate to bind to an active site it must fit in the three dimensional structure and chemically attract to it

Front 17

denaturation

Back 17

is a structual change in the structure of a protein which makes it lose its biological properties, often forever

Front 18

cell respiration

Back 18

the controlled release of chemical energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP

Front 19

cell respiration in cytoplasm step 1

Back 19

glycolysis breaks down glucose to pyrovate with small yield of ATP

Front 20

anaerobic cell resp

Back 20

also in cytoplasm. pyrovate lactate (or ethanol and carbon dioxied) no yield of ATP

Front 21

aerobic cell resp.

Back 21

in the mitocondri, pyrovate can be broken down in carbon dioxied and water with a high yield of ATP

Front 22

photo synthesis

Back 22

the convertion of light energy to chemical energy

Front 23

what is light energy used for

Back 23

form ATP, split water molecules to produce oxygen and hydrogen

Front 24

light independent reaction

Back 24

ATP and hydrogen are used to fix carbon dioxide molecules and make organic compounds

Front 25

how can photosynthesis be measured

Back 25

directly through the meaure of oxygen relase or indirect through measuring bio mass

Front 26

what are eukaryotic chromosomes made of

Back 26

DNA and protein

Front 27

gene

Back 27

an inheritable factor that controll a specific characteristic

Front 28

allele

Back 28

a specific type of gene sharing the same locus as other alleles of the same gene and only differing with a few bases

Front 29

genome

Back 29

the complete set of genetic information about an organism

Front 30

gene mutation

Back 30

a rare change that occurs randomly in the genetic material, eg. change in the sequence of the DNA as nature makes mistakes

Front 31

Sickle cell anemia

Back 31

The codon GAG becomes GTG which codes for the amino acid valine instead if glutamic acid. The polypeptide is also modified and the haemoglobin molecule has a different shape and so does the red blood cell

Front 32

homologous chromosomes

Back 32

These are two chromosomes that have the same size and structure and are located by the same genes. The genes are not identical (as they come from one parent each) but are different alleles.

Front 33

what happens in karyotyping and how is it preformed

Back 33

chromosomes are arranged according to size and structure using chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis

Front 34

genotype

Back 34

the alleles of an organism

Front 35

phenotype

Back 35

characteristics of an organism

Front 36

a recessive allele

Back 36

an allele not present in the phenotype when in a homozygous state

Front 37

codominant alleles

Back 37

pairs of alleles that both affectthe phenotype when present in a heterozygote

Front 38

locus

Back 38

the particular position on homologouschromosomes of a gene.

Front 39

homozygous

Back 39

having two identical alleles of a gene

Front 40

test cross

Back 40

testing a suspected heterozygote bycrossing it with a known homozygous recessive.

Front 41

some genes have more than two alleles

Back 41

yes

Front 42

How does sex chromosomes control gender

Back 42

Y chromosome contains genes to develop male characteristics, because the X and Y chromosomes are of a different size, they cannot undergo crossing over

Front 43

sex linkage

Back 43

Sex linkage refers to when a gene controlling a characteristic is found on a sex chromosome

Front 44

Outline the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Back 44

Is used to amplify small amounts of DNA so it can be investigated/tested
Denaturation: DNA is heated to seperate the strands
---> heat tolerant DNA polymerase copies the DNA

Front 45

gel electrophoresis

Back 45

fragments of DNA move in an electric field and are separated according to their size and is used in DNA profiling

Front 46

3 outcomes of mapping the complete human genome

Back 46

1. can be useful in the search for treatments and new medicines through eg find the gene that controls the production of an desireable molecule
2. improved insight in our orgins, evolution and migratory patterns of humans
3. we know the number, location and bases of all human genes

Front 47

examples of gmo

Back 47

Tomatoes (Flavr Savr) have been engineered to have an extended keeping quality by switching off the gene for ripening and thus delaying the natural process of softening of fruit

factor IX(human blood clotting) in sheep milk.

Front 48

pro's and con's GMO

Back 48

+ increase levels of production: decrease food shortage and land can be used for preservation instead
+ reduction in the use of pesticides which is good for the enviroment

- unknown consequences on humans and other animals
- other insects than the target one's could be effected
- unatural effect on natural selection also in the wild life

Front 49

clone

Back 49

a group of identical organisms or cells derived from a single parent

Front 50

Arguments for Therapeutic Cloning

Back 50

+ could cure serious diseases, reduce pain and save lifes
+ cells could be taken from embryos that had stopped developing, or one can argue that embryos have not developed nervous systems.

- not morally right
- the use of stem cells involves a risk of cancer

Front 51

trophic level

Back 51

reffers to a position in a food chain.
T1: producer,
T2: primary consumer
T3: secondaryconsumer

Front 52

homologus structures

Back 52

those that are similar in shape in different types of organisms despite being used in different ways,
an example is the pentadactyl limb structure in vertebrates, whereby many animals show a common bone composition, despite the limb being used for different forms of locomotion (e.g. whale fin for swimming, bat wing for flying, human hand for manipulating tools,

Front 53

digestion, enzymes and temperatures

Back 53

For digestion to increase in these circumstances, body temperature would have to increase as well. However this is not possible as it would interfere with other body functions.This is why enzymes are vital as they speed up this process by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur and they do so at body temperature.

Front 54

a lipase

Back 54

pancreatic lipase
pancreas
triglycerides (oils and fat) --> glycerol, fatty acids

Front 55

matstrupen

Back 55

esophagus

Front 56

blood consists of

Back 56

plasma, eurythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets

Front 57

what is transported by the blood? 7 things

Back 57

nutrients, heat, oxygen, carbon dioxide, urea, antibodies

Front 58

pathogen

Back 58

organism or virus that causes an disease

Front 59

antibodies and antigens

Back 59

Antibodies are proteins that defend the body against pathogens by binding to antigens on the surface of these pathogens and stimulating their destruction. Antigens are foreign substances which stimulate the production of antibodies. Antibodies usually only bind to one specific antigen.