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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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open circulation
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blood circulates into a large cavity
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closed circulation
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Blood leaves the heart under pressure and flows along arteries to capillaries and back to the heart through veins.
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single system
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Heart only pumps blood to gills.
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double system
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one side pumps oxygenated blood while the other pumps deoxygenated blood.
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water properties
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solvent thermal hydrophilic hydrophobic hydrogen bonds |
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arteries properties
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narrow lumen thick muscle layer thick collagen/smooth muscle layer contains no valves |
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arteries
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carry high pressure blood away from the heart
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vein properties
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wide lumen thin muscle layer less collagen/smooth muscle contain valves |
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veins
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carry low pressure blood back to the heart. contain valves to prevent backflow.
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capillary properties
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only 1 cell thick small lumen |
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capillary
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very thin to allow fast diffusion of oxygen into the blood stream.
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atherosclerosis
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accumulation of white blood cells and cholesterol create a deposit build up called and atheroma. fibrosis tissue builds up causing a hard swelling called a plaque, this reduces elasticity. because of this the lumen narrows causing positive feedback. |
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blood clots
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platelets start inflammatory response on vessel wall. platelets then cause a 'plug' on the damaged part of the wall. fibrin mesh traps blood cells which forms a clot.
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consequences of atherosclerosis
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CHD Stroke-blood clots |
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estimating risk
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19429- number effected (number died) ---------- 60,209,408- total number of people (population) = 1 ------ 3099 |
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factors contributing to health
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physical environment hereditary-genetics social environment lifestyle and behaviour choices |
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correlation
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when two factors have something in common but there is no direct link
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causation
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when two factors have a definite link and one is proven to cause the other
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cohort study
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a group of people are followed over time to see who develops the disease
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case-control study
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a group of people who have the disease are compared with a group who do not have it
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features of a good study
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clear aim good sample size valid and reliable results |
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CHD risk factors
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high blood pressure obesity blood cholesterol and other dietary factors smoking genetic inheritance age gender- males are more prone to CHD than women |
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blood pressure
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120- systolic pressure (bp during contraction ) ------ 80- diastolic pressure( pressure when heart is at rest) |
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glucose
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glycosdic bond is formed during a condensation reaction, removal of h2o. C6H12O6 |
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monosaccharaides
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single sugar units glucose |
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disaccharides
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two sugar units glucose + glucose= maltose |
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splitting sugars
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hydrolysis reaction adding of H2O |
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starch
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energy store in plants
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amylose
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form of starch straight chain 1,4 links coils into a spiral shape can be packed tightly |
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amylopectin
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form of starch contains side branches 1,6 bonds as well as 1,4 |
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lipids
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fats
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triglycerides
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glycerol - fatty acid tail glycerol- fatty acid tail glycerol- fatty acid tail |
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saturated fats
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straight chains strong hydrogen bonds solids at room temp LDL's can be tightly packed together |
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unsaturated fats
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kinky chains weak hydrogen bonds liquid at room temp HDL's loosely packed together |
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Low-Density lipoproteins
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accumulates in arteries cannot be broken down easily |
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High-Density lipoproteins
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goes back to liver if not used can be broken down easily |
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reducing CHD risk
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controlling blood pressure ACE inhibitors- control dilation of vessels (bp) calcium channel blockers- prevents muscle contraction diuretics- increases urine concentration (bp lowered) statins-inhibit LDL production ( lower cholesterol) anticoagulants- prevent blood clots |
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