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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Things that can be seen under light microscope
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Frog egg, plant/animal cells, nucleus, mitochondrion
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catabolism
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Breaking down of more complex substances into simpler ones, and releases energy
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Anabolism
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consume energy to build up complicated molecules
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Hydrolysis
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reverse of dehydration reaction, break down polymers
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Properties of water
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Hydrogen bonding (makes water cohesive), polar, high specific heat, ice floats, high heat of vaporization, solvent of life
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Functional groups
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Hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, carbonyl, methyl, sulfhudryl
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Describe the functional group HYDROXYL
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Alcohols (ethanol, glycerol), polar hydrophilic (dissolves in H2O)
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Describe the functional group CARBOXYL
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Carboxylic acids (acetic acid, amino acids), Polar, hydrophilic, weak acid (Has H that wants to seperate)
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Describe the functional group AMINO
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Amines (amino acid), Polar, hydrophilic (have neg 1 charge so wants to take in H), weak base
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Describe the functional group PHOSPHATE
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Organic phosphates (DNA, ATP, phospholipids), polar hydrophilic acid (some what acid)
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Describe the functional group CARBONYL (Ketones)
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"In the middle," (acetone), polar, hydrophilic
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Describe the functional group CARBONYL (aldehydes)
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"At the end," formaldehyde, polar, hydrophilic
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Describe the functional group METHYL
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Surrounded by H, fatty acids, oils, nonpolar, hydrophobic
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Describe the functional group SULFHYDRYL
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Attached to carbon chain, thiols, polar.
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Proteins
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polymer made from monomers called amino acid. FUNCTION: transport, movement, receptors, defense, structure
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Carbohydrates
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includes sugers and polymers (long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds)
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Nucleic acid
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Polymers of monomers called nucleotides (for heredity, code for amino acid sequence)
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Lipids
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Large biological molecule does not include polymers, no affinity for H2O, includes waxes, fats, oils, steroids.
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Steroids
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lipids characteristic by carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings & vary in functional groups attached to rings
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Coenzymes
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A cofactor that is organic (most vitamins) all make catalysis happen
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List the organelles that have membranes
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E.R., golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondrion
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Parts of the prokaryotic cell
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No organized nucleus or organelles, single celled, DNA coiled together (called nucleoid
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Nucleus
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contains genes that control the eukaryotic cell (some are in mito & chloroplasts)
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Lipid bilayer
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surrounds nucleus with pores that regulate entry and exit of substances
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Chromatin
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jumble of uncoiled DNA located in nucleus
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Nucleolus
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where ribosomes are madeand sent out of nucelus to cytoplasm
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Ribosomes
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sites where cell makes proteins (builds in cytosol)
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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membranous organelle made of folds of membrane called sisternae (two types: smooth- lacks ribosomes, rough- contains ribosomes)
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Golgi apparatus
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finishes, sorts and ships products from rough ER. (DNA shipped off in body that needs it)
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Lysosomes
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made by ER, vesicles that digest unwanted molecules, recycle, breakdown
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Vacuoles
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membrane bound sacs for storage
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Mitochondrion
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Sites for cellular respiration where ATP made from breaking down sugars and fats with O2
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Chloroplasts
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found only in plants, sites of photosynthesis, convert solar energy to chemical
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Facilitated diffusion
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polar molecules & ions can cross membrane with help of transport proteins
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Active transport
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energy being used to transport something across membrand against gradient
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Organlle that does cellular respiration?
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Mitochondrion
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FADH2
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Coensymes transfers electrons from Krebs cycle to ETC
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NAD+
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intermediate electron acceptor in glycolysis and krebs cycle
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oxygen
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strongest of all agents because it moves electrons away from C and toward electronegative O
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Chemiosmosis
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Protein complex wors like ion pump in reverse. uses energy of proton (H+) to power ATP synthesis.
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ATP
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energy source & cells use enzymes to remove P and attach to another
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Glycolysis
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Goal: to produce 2ATP and 2NADH per glucose molecule. splitting of sugar.
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