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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Activation Energy
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the energy required for a chemical reaction
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Define Adhesion
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the type of attraction that occurs between unlike molecules
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Define Atom
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the smallest unit of an element retaining the physical and chemical properties of that element
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Define Atomic Number
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The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom (located on the periodic table)
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Define Atomic Weight
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the mass of the atom
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Define Buffer
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fluid that can resist change in pH
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Define Chemical Reaction
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Involves the making or breaking of chemical bonds (covalent or ionic)
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Define Cohesion
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tendency of a molecule of the same kind to stick to one another
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Define Compound
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made up of two or more elements in a combined fixed ratio
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Define Electronegativity
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the affinity for electrons
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Define Electropositivity
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the ability of an atom to lose electrons
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Define Elements
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Substances that cannot be chemically broken down to other types of matter (substances made of only one type of atom)
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Define Ion
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an atom that has recieved a positive or negative charge due to the gaining or losing of electrons
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Define Isomers
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molecules with the same chemical formula, but differ in spatial arrangement
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Define Isotopes
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atoms with different amounts of neutrons in their nucleus
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What is The Law of Conservation of Matter?
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Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction
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Define Matter
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anything that takes up space and has mass
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Define Molecule
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The smallest unit of a compound; composed of atoms covalently bonded to one another
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Define Valence Electrons
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Electrons in the outer most shell of an atom
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Define Valence Shell
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The outermost shell of an atom
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Define Alpha Helix
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coil produced by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid.
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Define Amino Acids
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Small molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms; two also contain sulfur atoms.
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Define Amino Group
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an amino consists of a nitrogen atom single-bonded to two hydrogen atoms. They are nonpolar, bases, and attract hydrogen ions
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Define Carbohydrates
Give examples |
an organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a 2:1 ratio. All known types of living cells contain carbohydrates. (examples: sugars, starches, and cellulose.)
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Define Carboxyl Group
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an important functional group. The univalent (one valence electron) radical, COOH, the functional group characteristic of all organic acids.
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Define Cellulose
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a structural molecule found in the rigid walls surrounding plant cells, and it is an important part of wood and cotton fibers
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Define Chitin
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a structural polysaccharide formed from glucose monomers with nitrogen-containing groups and found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of many fungi
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Define Cholesterol
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a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. Lesser amounts of cholesterol are also found in plant membranes.
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Define Dehydration Synthesis/Condensation
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monomers build up to polymers (H2O extracted)
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Define Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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nucleic acid that contains deoxyribose in their nucleotides
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Disaccharides
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two simple sugar molecules (monosaccharides) that bond to form a double sugar molecule
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Energy
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the ability to do work
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Enzymes
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any of numerous proteins that are produced by living cells that start specific biochemical reactions at body temperatures
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Fats
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a more efficient form of energy storage than are carbohydrates because fats contain a larger number of hydrogen atoms and less oxygen
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Fructose
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a simple sugar, C6H12O6, that differs from glucose in having a ketonic rather than an aldehydic carbonyl group
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Functional Groups
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specific groups of atoms in molecules that are in charge of chemical reactions
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Glucose
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A monosaccharide sugar, C6H12O6, that serves as the major energy source of the body; it occurs in most plant and animal tissue.
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Glycogen
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a highly branched polymer of glucose, produced by animals
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Glycosidic Linkage
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a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides.
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Hydrocarbon
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any compound with just carbon and hydrogen
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Hydrolysis
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when compounds split apart when reacting with water (H2O added)
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Isomers
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molecules with the same chemical formula, but differ in spatial arrangement
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Lactose
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milk sugar; a dissacharide formed of glucose and the monosaccharide galactose
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Lipids- Fats and oils
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macromolecules that have two primary functions: long-term storage of energy and carbon and building of stuctural parts of cell membranes. They do not dissolve in water because the are non-polar.
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Macromolecules
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really big organic molecules
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Maltose
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a common disaccharide made of two glucose molecules
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Monomer
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basic units in polymerization
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Monosaccharides
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the simplest carbohydrates which are single sugars - which may contain 3 to 7 carbon atoms in their carbon skeletons
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Nucleic Acid
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macromolecules that dictate the amino acid sequence of protiens, which in turn controls the basic life processes
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Nucleotides
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relatively simple units connected to form long chains that make up nucleic acids
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Organic Compounds
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compounds in which carbon atoms are combined with hydrogen and usually oxygen, frequently also contain nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus, and are needed for life to exist
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Peptide Bonds
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a covalent chemical bond formed between two amino acids; bonds the amino group of each amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next
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Phospholipids
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a glycerol linked to two fatty acids and a negatively charged phosphate group. The phosphorus head is hydrophilic and the tail is hydrophobic, so it forms a bilayer in cell membranes that acts as a selective barrier.
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Pleated Sheet
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regions of the polypeptide chains that are parallel to each other and held by repeating hydrogen bonds along the polypeptide backbone
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Polymer
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many units
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Polymerization
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when large compounds are made from many small units
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Polynucelotide
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Nucleotides that are linked together by phosphodiester linkages into a DNA polymer.
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Polypeptide
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a long chain of amino acids
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Polysaccharides
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complex carbohydrates formed by several glucose molecules that bond together (example: starch and cellulose are the complex carbohydrates commonly formed by plants)
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Primary structure
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unique sequence of amino acids in a protein determined by genes
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Proteins- Define and Give examples.
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structural components of cells as well as messengers and receivers of messages (also called receptors) between cells (example: skin, hair, nails, muscles, and parts of the skeleton)
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Purines
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family of nitrogenous bases, include adenine (A) and guanine (G), add a five-membered ring to the pyrimidine rings, two ring-shaped molecules joined together.
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Pyrimidines
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one family of nitrogenous bases, include cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U), characterized by six-membered rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms, a single ring.
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Quaternary Structure
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how several polypeptide chains are arranged and held together in a structural arrangement
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Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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nucleic acid that contains ribose in their nucleotides
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Saturated Fats
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fats that tend to be solids at room temperature (example: butter and lard) and don't have double bonds
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Secondary Structure
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the coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the electronegative oxygen peptide bond and the positive hydrogen attached to the nitrogen of another peptide bond
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Starch
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an energy storage and carbon-reserve compound in many plants and is also an important food source for humans
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Sucrose
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most familiar dissacharide (table sugar) that contains glucose and another monosaccharide, fructose
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Sugar-Phosphate
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biologically important sugars that have a phosphate group attatched to the carbon skeleton
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Synthesis
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forming a more complex substance (putting together)
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Tertiary Structure
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the 3-D shape of the protein
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Tetravalent; give an example of something that is tetravalent
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being able to bond 4 times (Carbon is tetravalent)
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Triglyceride
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a simple fat formed by three fatty-acid molecules and one glycerol molecule that joins them together
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Unsaturated Fats
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fats containing unsaturated fatty acids and tend to be oily at room temperature (example: olive oil, corn oil, and sunflower oil) that have one or more double bonds
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activation energy
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the energy required for a reaction to take place
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ADP
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adenosine diphosphate (2 phosphate groups, ribose, adenine, 3rd phosphate goes into the inorganic nutrient pool; INP )
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ATP
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adenosine triphosphate, (3 phosphate groups, ribose, adenine)
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