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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The human eye has about 6 million _____________ cells.
|
cone
|
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The area of the eye responsible for the central and sharpest vision is known as the
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fovea
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The main function of the _______________ is to support the eye
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(vitreous humor)
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The development of cone cells allowed for organisms to acquire better information during the _____________ hours
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sunlight or daylight
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Most nocturnal animals lack ______________ vision because there is no need for it at night
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color
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Images that come from our eyes are nothing more than a set of ____________
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dots
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To obtain a sharp image within the entire visual field our eyes constantly ____________ the entire image
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scan
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The inner layer of the cortex is called ______________ because of its light colored
appearance |
white matter
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The _____________cortex is where the sight information is processed
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visual
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The brain is able to filter out visual information through a process called
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subliminal perception
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People who suffer from blind sight have lost the ability to process
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incoming visual data
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_____ can occur because there are separate pathways in the brain used for visual perception
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blind sight
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Visual neglect is a neurological disorder where patients have difficulty in visualizing objects in their visual fields because the ______________ lobe of the brain has been damaged
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parietal)
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______________ syndrome is a psychiatric disorder in which the affected person imagines that someone close to them has been replaced by an imposter
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capgras'
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Perceptions can be influenced by our _________________ state and ______________ condition.
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psychological; physical
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To recall a list of unrelated items some people use a _____________ to create an association between the meaningful and meaningless information
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mneumonic device
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________ memory is a type of declarative memory that uses sensation and emotion, which is usually a more effective than semantic memory.
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episodic
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Short term memory lasts ______________ while long term memory can last ____________
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minutes to days; months to years
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An increase in the firing rate and magnitude of cortical neurons is otherwise known as
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LTP
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Storage of long tem memory is based upon a distribution model where information about an object is stored in different regions of the _______________
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cortex
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Veteran taxi cab drivers in London have an larger ________________ than drivers just starting out
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hippocampus
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________ memory, a type of declarative memory, is generally more important for academic success, whereas: __________ memory is strongly associated with creativity
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semantic; episodic
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The _________________ region of the brain is important for procedural memory and when neurons within this brain region die as a result of Parkinson’s disease.
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basal ganglia
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The _____________ is involved in visual/spatial memory and recent studies have demonstrated that this brain region can actually grow depending upon usage
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hippocampus
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Elephants are well-known for their memory capabilities and can locate waterholes several hundred miles away with complete accuracy, which demonstrates their _______________memory
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visual/spatial
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Dr. Egas Moniz in 1936 developed a procedure to treat severe mental illness, known as ______________, where he removed a significant portion of the frontal lobe
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lobotomy
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Development of the ___________ lobe is the last step in human brain development, where the neural circuitry is not fully formed until adulthood
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frontal lobe
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The human brain is ____________ by nature, suggesting that it evolved by adding onto existing parts of animal brains over millions of years
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modular
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Long-term memory is stored in the _____________
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cerebral cortex
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After witnessing the inhuman treatment of the mentally ill, _____________, a school teacher, was instrumental in lobbying congress to construct federal and state mental hospitals
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dorothea dix
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____________ therapy, where an electrical current is passed through the brain and acts as a reset mechanism, is still used today to treat mental patients who fail to respond to all other treatments
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electoconvulsion
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In the 1950’s, _________________ therapy was used to induce a hypoglycemic state ultimately causing damage to the brain, resulting in behavioral modification
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insulin shock
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Mental illnesses are quite diverse, however the basic pathological mechanism is the same, where _______________ become unable to communicate with each other
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neurons
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|
________ is a type of mental illness where the patient suffers from severe mood swings of extreme highs and extreme lows.
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manic depression
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|
____________ has become a last resort for treating people with severe depression
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ECT
|
|
During a manic depression low episode, the production of _______________ is deficient
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serotonin
|
|
_______ , a class of drugs, were developed to prevent the removal of serotonin in the synapse
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SSRI's
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|
Prozac is an SSRI that is used to treat depression, by preventing the removal of serotonin from the synapse, in turn _____________the concentration of serotonin in the brain
|
increasing
|
|
____________ therapy, where an electrical current is passed through the brain and acts as a reset mechanism, is still used today to treat mental patients who fail to respond to all other treatments
|
electoconvulsion
|
|
Manic depression has a ______________ basis, where often times many family members will suffer from this disorder
|
genetic
|
|
In the 1950’s, _________________ therapy was used to induce a hypoglycemic state ultimately causing damage to the brain, resulting in behavioral modification
|
insulin shock
|
|
In the early 1900’s Dr. _________________ observed that some of his patients had progressive memory loss before their deaths. For his research into this phenomenon the disorder was accordingly named after him
|
Alzheimers
|
|
Mental illnesses are quite diverse, however the basic pathological mechanism is the same, where _______________ become unable to communicate with each other
|
neurons
|
|
Dr. Alzheimer hypothesized that mental illness had a _____________ cause, which was contrary to the prevailing psychiatric theories that mental illness was purely_______
|
physical. psychological
|
|
________ is a type of mental illness where the patient suffers from severe mood swings of extreme highs and extreme lows.
|
manic depression
|
|
Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by _______________ loss, which is attributed to cell death in the brain.
|
memory
|
|
____________ has become a last resort for treating people with severe depression
|
ECT
|
|
____ Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to a mutation of the APP gene on chromosome 21, where symptoms will usually start to occur before the age of 50
|
early
|
|
During a manic depression low episode, the production of _______________ is deficient
|
serotonin
|
|
The brains of Alzheimer’s patients have characteristic _______________ plaques and _____________, which will prevent neural transmission and eventually cause cell death.
|
amyloid; protein fibrils
|
|
____________ therapy, where an electrical current is passed through the brain and acts as a reset mechanism, is still used today to treat mental patients who fail to respond to all other treatments
|
electoconvulsion
|
|
_______ , a class of drugs, were developed to prevent the removal of serotonin in the synapse
|
SSRI's
|
|
In the 1950’s, _________________ therapy was used to induce a hypoglycemic state ultimately causing damage to the brain, resulting in behavioral modification
|
insulin shock
|
|
Prozac is an SSRI that is used to treat depression, by preventing the removal of serotonin from the synapse, in turn _____________the concentration of serotonin in the brain
|
increasing
|
|
Mental illnesses are quite diverse, however the basic pathological mechanism is the same, where _______________ become unable to communicate with each other
|
neurons
|
|
Manic depression has a ______________ basis, where often times many family members will suffer from this disorder
|
genetic
|
|
Methamphetamine can be produced from ________________, which is a main ingredient in cold medicines
|
pseudophrine
|
|
In the early 1900’s Dr. _________________ observed that some of his patients had progressive memory loss before their deaths. For his research into this phenomenon the disorder was accordingly named after him
|
Alzheimers
|
|
________ is a type of mental illness where the patient suffers from severe mood swings of extreme highs and extreme lows.
|
manic depression
|
|
Dr. Alzheimer hypothesized that mental illness had a _____________ cause, which was contrary to the prevailing psychiatric theories that mental illness was purely_______
|
physical. psychological
|
|
____________ has become a last resort for treating people with severe depression
|
ECT
|
|
Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by _______________ loss, which is attributed to cell death in the brain.
|
memory
|
|
During a manic depression low episode, the production of _______________ is deficient
|
serotonin
|
|
____ Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to a mutation of the APP gene on chromosome 21, where symptoms will usually start to occur before the age of 50
|
early
|
|
The brains of Alzheimer’s patients have characteristic _______________ plaques and _____________, which will prevent neural transmission and eventually cause cell death.
|
amyloid; protein fibrils
|
|
_______ , a class of drugs, were developed to prevent the removal of serotonin in the synapse
|
SSRI's
|
|
Methamphetamine can be produced from ________________, which is a main ingredient in cold medicines
|
pseudophrine
|
|
Prozac is an SSRI that is used to treat depression, by preventing the removal of serotonin from the synapse, in turn _____________the concentration of serotonin in the brain
|
increasing
|
|
Manic depression has a ______________ basis, where often times many family members will suffer from this disorder
|
genetic
|
|
In the early 1900’s Dr. _________________ observed that some of his patients had progressive memory loss before their deaths. For his research into this phenomenon the disorder was accordingly named after him
|
Alzheimers
|
|
Dr. Alzheimer hypothesized that mental illness had a _____________ cause, which was contrary to the prevailing psychiatric theories that mental illness was purely_______
|
physical. psychological
|
|
Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by _______________ loss, which is attributed to cell death in the brain.
|
memory
|
|
____ Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to a mutation of the APP gene on chromosome 21, where symptoms will usually start to occur before the age of 50
|
early
|
|
The brains of Alzheimer’s patients have characteristic _______________ plaques and _____________, which will prevent neural transmission and eventually cause cell death.
|
amyloid; protein fibrils
|
|
Methamphetamine can be produced from ________________, which is a main ingredient in cold medicines
|
pseudophrine
|
|
____________ therapy, where an electrical current is passed through the brain and acts as a reset mechanism, is still used today to treat mental patients who fail to respond to all other treatments
|
electoconvulsion
|
|
In the 1950’s, _________________ therapy was used to induce a hypoglycemic state ultimately causing damage to the brain, resulting in behavioral modification
|
insulin shock
|
|
Mental illnesses are quite diverse, however the basic pathological mechanism is the same, where _______________ become unable to communicate with each other
|
neurons
|
|
________ is a type of mental illness where the patient suffers from severe mood swings of extreme highs and extreme lows.
|
manic depression
|
|
____________ has become a last resort for treating people with severe depression
|
ECT
|
|
During a manic depression low episode, the production of _______________ is deficient
|
serotonin
|
|
_______ , a class of drugs, were developed to prevent the removal of serotonin in the synapse
|
SSRI's
|
|
Prozac is an SSRI that is used to treat depression, by preventing the removal of serotonin from the synapse, in turn _____________the concentration of serotonin in the brain
|
increasing
|
|
Manic depression has a ______________ basis, where often times many family members will suffer from this disorder
|
genetic
|
|
In the early 1900’s Dr. _________________ observed that some of his patients had progressive memory loss before their deaths. For his research into this phenomenon the disorder was accordingly named after him
|
Alzheimers
|
|
Dr. Alzheimer hypothesized that mental illness had a _____________ cause, which was contrary to the prevailing psychiatric theories that mental illness was purely_______
|
physical. psychological
|
|
Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by _______________ loss, which is attributed to cell death in the brain.
|
memory
|
|
____ Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to a mutation of the APP gene on chromosome 21, where symptoms will usually start to occur before the age of 50
|
early
|
|
The brains of Alzheimer’s patients have characteristic _______________ plaques and _____________, which will prevent neural transmission and eventually cause cell death.
|
amyloid; protein fibrils
|
|
Methamphetamine can be produced from ________________, which is a main ingredient in cold medicines
|
pseudophrine
|
|
____________ therapy, where an electrical current is passed through the brain and acts as a reset mechanism, is still used today to treat mental patients who fail to respond to all other treatments
|
electoconvulsion
|
|
In the 1950’s, _________________ therapy was used to induce a hypoglycemic state ultimately causing damage to the brain, resulting in behavioral modification
|
insulin shock
|
|
Mental illnesses are quite diverse, however the basic pathological mechanism is the same, where _______________ become unable to communicate with each other
|
neurons
|
|
________ is a type of mental illness where the patient suffers from severe mood swings of extreme highs and extreme lows.
|
manic depression
|
|
____________ has become a last resort for treating people with severe depression
|
ECT
|
|
During a manic depression low episode, the production of _______________ is deficient
|
serotonin
|
|
_______ , a class of drugs, were developed to prevent the removal of serotonin in the synapse
|
SSRI's
|
|
Prozac is an SSRI that is used to treat depression, by preventing the removal of serotonin from the synapse, in turn _____________the concentration of serotonin in the brain
|
increasing
|
|
Manic depression has a ______________ basis, where often times many family members will suffer from this disorder
|
genetic
|
|
In the early 1900’s Dr. _________________ observed that some of his patients had progressive memory loss before their deaths. For his research into this phenomenon the disorder was accordingly named after him
|
Alzheimers
|
|
Dr. Alzheimer hypothesized that mental illness had a _____________ cause, which was contrary to the prevailing psychiatric theories that mental illness was purely_______
|
physical. psychological
|
|
Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by _______________ loss, which is attributed to cell death in the brain.
|
memory
|
|
____ Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to a mutation of the APP gene on chromosome 21, where symptoms will usually start to occur before the age of 50
|
early
|
|
The brains of Alzheimer’s patients have characteristic _______________ plaques and _____________, which will prevent neural transmission and eventually cause cell death.
|
amyloid; protein fibrils
|
|
Methamphetamine can be produced from ________________, which is a main ingredient in cold medicines
|
pseudophrine
|
|
Heroin is derived from _____________ and is a widely abused substance around the world
|
opium
|
|
Researchers realize that to cure and prevent substance abuse, they must first understand how the __________________ mechanism in the brain is responsible for the reinforcing properties of drugs
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reward
|
|
Electrical stimulation of the neurons in the _______________ will produce sensations of pleasure, which are similar to those sensations that are elicited by food or sex
|
nucleus accumbens
|
|
The natural function of endorphins is to ____
|
REDUCE PHYSICAL PAIN
|
|
__________ and endorphins bind to the same receptors in the brain
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morphine
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|
The most well known function of ______________, a neurotransmitter, is the production of pleasure, which is associated with hunger or sexual desire
|
dopamine
|
|
The _____________ is the target brain area of both cocaine and amphetamines
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vta
|
|
Cocaine and amphetamine both ______________ dopamine levels in the synaptic clefts.
|
increase
|
|
The neurological process of falling in love takes place primarily in the ________ system of the brain
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limbic
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|
______ is the brain chemical involved with maintaining long term relationships or providing parental care
|
oxytocin
|
|
The brain slices of the monogamous prairie voles differ from that of their cousin species the montane voles in that the brains of the prairie voles have abundant levels of _____
|
oxytocin
|
|
Dopamine is important in maintaining motor control and a reduction in dopamine production may result in___
|
parkinson's disease
|
|
Brain scans of children with ADHD show that there is a _____________ in activity in the neural pathways that are activated by dopamine
|
decrease
|
|
Methlyphenidate, trade name Ritalin, increases dopamine activity by _____________ the dopamine transporters at the synaptic cleft.
|
blockin
|
|
Our aggression, feelings of insecurity, resentment and other personality traits are tied to ____________________ thoughts
|
subconscious
|
|
Our mind is the result of the sum of the _____________ and _______
|
conscious and subconscious
|
|
When a person becomes excited, dopamine and norepinephrine are released into the synaptic clefts, and ______________ is secreted into the same area to counter the actions of the 2 neurotransmitters
|
When a person becomes excited, dopamine and norepinephrine are released into the synaptic clefts, and ______________ is secreted into the same area to counter the actions of the 2 neurotransmitters
|
|
If a person’s brain produces _____________ amounts serotonin, the neuronal excitation cannot be controlled.
|
small
|
|
Prozac or fluoxetine works by blocking the ____
|
serotonin reuptake transporters
|
|
Patients who suffer clinical depression have a shortage of _____________ in their synaptic clefts.
|
serotonin
|
|
If you block the uptake of serotonin, the concentration of serotonin in the synapse will ______
|
increase
|
|
The illegal drug ___________ was made famous in the 1960’s and it causes hallucinations by mimicking the action of serotonin
|
LSD
|
|
Psilocin, the chemical found in hallucinogenic mushrooms, will enter the _____________ of the brain and bind to serotonin receptors
|
thalamus
|
|
The ________________ cortex contains a map of the entire body and after a person has undergone amputation of a limb, the region that represents that limb no longer receives any information
|
somatosensory
|
|
In the case of David Garabedian, it was thought that the insecticide was responsible for his aggressive behavior. The insecticide blocks the enzyme acetylcholinesterase which leads to hyperactivation of the ______________ neurons
|
hypothalamus
|
|
During an emotional event, the hypothalamus neurons will release _________________ which will in turn initiates the fight or flight response.
|
acetylcholine
|
|
Sandy, a troubled teen, attacked and stabbed a coworker. Her defense was that she contained too few _______________ receptors in the brain, thus she was unable to control her aggression.
|
progesterone
|
|
In the condition known as ________________, seizures of any type will repeatedly occur unprovoked
|
epilepsy
|
|
____ lobe seizures can elicit religious or mystical experiences
|
TEMPORAL
|
|
Most scientists do not believe that the theory of _________ is wrong, because of the vast substantiating evidence that has been collected over the past 150 years
|
evolution
|
|
Without a good understanding of ________, it is not possible to become an educated student in biology
|
evolution
|
|
The mental capacity of __________ seem to be equivalent to that of a 5-year-old human child.
|
orangutans
|
|
Because Koko (a lowland gorilla) can use______________ to communicate her feelings, thoughts, and desires, we now have unequivocal evidence of the biological continuum between humans and the great apes
|
AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE
|
|
Evidence have established that approximately _________ years ago, the great apes split into two branches.
|
14 million
|
|
______ are our closest relatives, and our ancestors have evolved separately to give rise to our present forms
|
chimpanzees
|
|
Chimpanzee and early human societies were male-dominated, which is also called a _______ society
|
patrilocal
|
|
One of Jane Goodall’s first discoveries was that chimpanzees can fashion sticks to fish termites out from a termite nest. This observation shook the scientific world, because at that time, it was universally accepted that ______ use was a unique human trait
|
tool
|
|
In a series of experiments involving the creation of a scale model of a life-sized room, it has been shown that chimpanzees can demonstrate ________ understanding
|
CONCEPTUAL
|
|
Chimpanzee and human societies use __________ to achieve a single objective, such as hunting for monkeys.
|
cooperation
|
|
It is estimated that at about 120,000 years ago, the entire population of Homo sapiens had decreased to less than 10,000 individuals which would have led to a decrease in genetic variation. This phenomenon is known as a genetic ____
|
bottleneck
|
|
Research by Allan Wilson and his co-workers concluded that all human mitochondrial DNA can be traced back to one woman, the Mitochondrial Eve, who had lived in Africa about ________ to _________ years ago
|
120,000 to 150,000
|
|
The mitochondria DNA in each individual comes only from the ________.
|
mother
|
|
When you compare the genomes of any two persons from any part of the world, their DNA sequences are _____% identical.
|
99.9%
|
|
One hypothesis to account for the disappearance of Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis is known as the ___________ model, which states that modern humans contributed to the extinction of local species by out-competing them.
|
out of africa
|
|
The ________ theory describes how the universe was formed about 13.7 billion years ago
|
big bang
|
|
The amount of oxygen in our current atmosphere is a result of billions of years of photosynthesis by _______
|
cyanobacteria
|
|
Three basic characteristics of life include the abilities to use energy, ______, and _____
|
reproduce, evolve)
|
|
All matter in the universe, including the matter in your body, comes from the inside of __
|
stars
|
|
The fact that all living organisms, from simple bacteria to human beings, use the same ____________ , points to the commonality of life on Earth.
|
genetic code
|
|
One of the hypotheses for the Cambrian explosion was an increase in the Earth’s _______ concentration, which promoted the evolution or larger body forms
|
oxygen
|
|
__________ _________ is the universal mechanism to insure individual uniqueness
|
sexual reproduction
|
|
Humans are nothing more than a collection of molecules composed of hydrogen, ____________, and ___________, yet we are one of the most complex creatures on Earth.
|
oxygen and carbon
|
|
The protein, which acts like cellular “glue” to hold cells together, is called _________. This protein was first used by the group of animals known scientifically as ________
|
collagen; porifera
|
|
To coordinate the motion of muscles, the cnidarians a simple network of _______ that allow the muscle fibers to communicate using a combination of electrical impulses and chemical signals
|
nerve cells
|
|
In Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking-Glass, . Alice asked the ________ why they did not seem to be going anywhere during their race. This scene is a good analogy for the Evolutionary Arms race, in which neither participant can get anywhere, but must keep evolving in order to just keep up.
|
red queen
|
|
Scientists have shown that at some point in evolution, ___________ cells took up residence in eukaryotic cells to become the first organelles through a process know as ______
|
prokaryotes; endosymbiosis
|
|
Even though we are one of the most complex organisms on the planet, less than ____ percent of the human genome is used to encode functional proteins.
|
2
|
|
Scientists have found that there are a small group of genes known as the ______ genes which are responsible for directing the body pattern formation in all animals
|
homeobox
|
|
A brain’s complexity results mainly from the types and numbers of _________ that each nerve cell has with other nerve cells.
|
connections
|