Biology 3.1 Animal Cells And Asexual Reproduction

Front 1

genome

Back 1

基因组

Front 2

eukaryote

Back 2

cell or organism where the nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane

Hint 2

真核细胞

Front 3

totipotent

Back 3

cell with the potential to form all known cell types within an organism

Hint 3

全能

Front 4

cell theory

Back 4

theory that cells are basic unit of living organisms

Hint 4

细胞理论

Front 5

optical microscope

Back 5

microscope that uses light to form an image

Hint 5

光学显微镜

Front 6

chloroplasts

Back 6

叶绿体

Front 7

algae

Back 7

藻类

Front 8

prokaryote

Back 8

single-celled organism which has no nuclear membrane and the genetic material is not organized into chromosomes

Hint 8

原核生物

Front 9

nucleoid

Back 9

area in prokaryotes where the genetic material is localised

Hint 9

类核

Front 10

plasmid

Back 10

extra, circular strand of DNA, separate from the main chromosome, found in bacteria

Hint 10

质粒

Front 11

mesosome

Back 11

fold of the cell surface membrane that can form a vesicle

Hint 11

中膜体

Front 12

flagellum

Back 12

鞭毛

Front 13

glycogen granules

Back 13

糖原颗粒

Front 14

protoplasm

Back 14

the cytoplasm and the nucleus of a cell

Hint 14

原生质

Front 15

ultrastructure

Back 15

structure of a cell as revealed by the electron microscope

Hint 15

超微结构

Front 16

chromatin

Back 16

DNA bound to protein when a cell is not actively dividing

Hint 16

染色

Front 17

nucleolus

Back 17

an extremely dense area of the nucleus containing almost pure DNA and protein

Hint 17

核仁

Front 18

mitochondrion

Back 18

organelle which is the site of aerobic cellular respiration

Hint 18

线粒体

Front 19

eubacteria

Back 19

one of the most common types of bacteria

Hint 19

真细菌

Front 20

cristae

Back 20

嵴

Front 21

centrioles

Back 21

structures in an animal cell that are involved in spindle formation during cell division

Hint 21

中心粒

Front 22

vacuole

Back 22

membrane-lined enclosure in a cell, permanent feature in plant cells, formed when needed in animal cells

Hint 22

液泡

Front 23

spindle

Back 23

set of microtubules formed during mitosis that move the chromatids to the opposite ends of the cell

Hint 23

纺锤体

Front 24

chromatids

Back 24

染色单体

Front 25

mitosis

Back 25

cell division of the body cells that results in two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell

Hint 25

有丝分裂

Front 26

microtubule

Back 26

tiny protein tubes that make up part of the cytoskeleton

Hint 26

微管

Front 27

cytoskeleton

Back 27

3D web-like structure that fills the cytoplasm, made up of microfilaments and microtubules

Hint 27

细胞骨架

Front 28

microfilament

Back 28

protein fibres that make up part of the cytoskeleton

Hint 28

微丝

Front 29

myosin

Back 29

the contractile proteins in muscle

Hint 29

肌球蛋白

Front 30

tubulin

Back 30

微管蛋白

Front 31

daughter cells

Back 31

子细胞

Front 32

contractile vacuole

Back 32

vacuole found in simple animals that forms or empties to control the water content of the cytoplasm

Hint 32

收缩液泡

Front 33

endoplasmic reticulum(ER)

Back 33

a 3D network of membrane-bound cavities(腔体) spreading through the cytoplasm, plays a major role in transport within the cell

Hint 33

内质网

Front 34

rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER)

Back 34

endoplasmic reticulum covered in ribosomes involved in synthesis and transport of proteins

Hint 34

粗面内质网

Front 35

cisternae

Back 35

囊泡

Front 36

smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER)

Back 36

endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes, involved in the synthesis and transport of lipids

Hint 36

滑面内质网

Front 37

steroid

Back 37

类固醇

Front 38

Golgi body

Back 38

stacks of parallel, flattened membrane pockets loosely linked to the RER and invoved in the secretion of materials from the cell

Hint 38

高尔基体

Front 39

lysosome

Back 39

organelle containing lysozymes

Hint 39

溶酶体

Front 40

apoptosis

Back 40

programmed cell death, also known as cell suicide

Hint 40

细胞凋亡

Front 41

excessive rupturing of lysosomes

Back 41

溶酶体过度破裂

Front 42

autoimmune disease

Back 42

自身免疫性疾病

Front 43

rheumatoid arthritis

Back 43

类风湿关节炎

Front 44

cartilage tissue

Back 44

软骨组织

Front 45

osteoporosis

Back 45

骨质疏松症

Front 46

retinitis pigmentosa

Back 46

视网膜色素变性

Front 47

tissue

Back 47

specilised cells organized into a group to carry out a particular function

Hint 47

组织

Front 48

organ

Back 48

group of tissues grouped into a structure to carry out a particular function

Hint 48

器官

Front 49

epithelial tissues

Back 49

tissues which line the surfaces inside and outside of the body

Hint 49

上皮组织

Front 50

system

Back 50

group of organs working together to carry out a particular function

Hint 50

系统

Front 51

epithelial tissues

Back 51

组织上皮

Front 52

squamous epithelium

Back 52

鳞状上皮

Front 53

cuboidal cells

Back 53

立方上皮细胞

Front 54

columnar cells

Back 54

柱状细胞

Front 55

ciliated epithelia

Back 55

纤毛上皮细胞

Front 56

compound epithelia

Back 56

复合上皮细胞

Front 57

cartilage tissue

Back 57

软骨组织

Front 58

glandular tissue

Back 58

腺体组织

Front 59

vascular tissue

Back 59

血管组织

Front 60

mesophyll tissue

Back 60

叶肉组织

Front 61

palisade mesophyll

Back 61

叶肉栅栏

Front 62

upper epidermis

Back 62

上表皮

Front 63

xylem vessel

Back 63

木质部导管

Front 64

phloem tissue

Back 64

韧皮部组织

Front 65

lower epidermis

Back 65

下表皮

Front 66

spongy mesophyll

Back 66

海绵叶肉

Front 67

asexual reproduction

Back 67

the production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent cell or organism

Hint 67

无性繁殖

Front 68

meiosis

Back 68

cell division which results in the production of four daughter cells each with half of the chromosome number of the original cell

Hint 68

减数分裂

Front 69

histone

Back 69

positively charged protein molecule around which DNA molecules coil

Hint 69

组蛋白

Front 70

cell cycle

Back 70

sequence of events making up cell division

Hint 70

细胞周期

Front 71

interphase

Back 71

period of non-division in the cell cycle

Hint 71

中间步骤

Front 72

cyclin

Back 72

small protein involved in control of the cell cycle

Hint 72

细胞周期蛋白质

Front 73

cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

Back 73

Enzymes involved in the control of the cell cycle

Hint 73

细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(激酶)

Front 74

cyclin/CDK complex

Back 74

cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) bound to the protein cyclin in a complex which controls the cell cycle through phosphorylation of proteins

Hint 74

细胞周期蛋白/ CDK复合物

Front 75

prophase

Back 75

second stage of mitosis where the chromosomes coil and condense, when they can take up stain and become visible as two chromatids(染色单体)

Hint 75

前期

Front 76

metaphase

Back 76

third stage of mitosis where chromatids line up across the equator of the cell

Hint 76

中期

Front 77

anaphase

Back 77

fourth stage of mitosis where chromatids are pulled towards the poles of the cell

Hint 77

后期

Front 78

telophase

Back 78

the final stages of mitosis where the chromatids reach the poles of the cells and become chromosomes, the nuclear membrane reforms and the cytoplasm divides.

Hint 78

末期

Front 79

resting phase

Back 79

more appropriately called interphase, the stage in cell division when the cell assimilates(同化) new materials and the chromosomes cannot be seen.

Hint 79

休息期

Front 80

chromatid

Back 80

one of the two strands formed when a chromosome replicates in cell division

Hint 80

染色单体

Front 81

centromere

Back 81

the region where the chromatids are joined together in pairs before seperating during cell division

Hint 81

着丝点

Front 82

metaphase plate/equator

Back 82

central region of spindle formed in mitosis

Hint 82

中期板

Front 83

clone

Back 83

genetically identical individuals that result from asexual reproduction

Hint 83

克隆

Front 84

fission

Back 84

in biology, the simple method of asexual reproduction which involves an organism splitting in two, seen in bacteria and protoctists

Hint 84

裂变

Front 85

sporulation

Back 85

asexual reproduction that involves the formation of spores

Hint 85

孢变

Front 86

spore

Back 86

structure produced by asexual reproduction often as a way of surviving adverse conditions. develops into a new individual genetically identical to parent.

Hint 86

孢子

Front 87

fragmentation

Back 87

reproduction of an entire individual from a body fragment

Hint 87

分裂

Front 88

regeneration

Back 88

asexual reproduction of a body part to replace one which has been lost.

Hint 88

再生

Front 89

budding

Back 89

form of asexual reproduction involving an outgrowth from the parent plant which develops into a smaller, genetically identical individual.

Hint 89

出芽

Front 90

hydra

Back 90

水螅

Front 91

vegetative propagation

Back 91

production of new plants by asexual reproduction

Hint 91

植物无性繁殖

Front 92

perennating organ

Back 92

organ involved in asexual reproduction which contains stored food to survive dormant period,eg bulb, corm

Hint 92

储藏食物的植物器官

Front 93

parthenogenesis

Back 93

reproduction in which an ovum or ovule develops and forms a new organism without fusing with a male gamete

Hint 93

单性繁殖

Front 94

vertebrates

Back 94

脊椎动物

Front 95

assimilation

Back 95

the taking-in of new materials by cells after cell division

Hint 95

消化吸收

Front 96

dry mass

Back 96

the mass of the body of an organism with all the water removed

Hint 96

干质量

Front 97

continuous growth

Back 97

growth which occurs continuously, although at different rates, throughout life at least until maturity is reached

Hint 97

持续生长

Front 98

moult

Back 98

in the context of insect growth: to shed an outer covering in order to grow

Hint 98

蜕皮

Front 99

discontinuous growth

Back 99

growth which takes place in a series of steps

Hint 99

不持续生长

Front 100

senescence

Back 100

old age

Hint 100

衰老