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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chromosomes |
Condensed DNA, recipe for production of proteins |
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Centromere |
Protein belt around chromosome |
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Chromatin |
Uncondensed DNA |
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Chromatid |
Single copy of condensed DNA |
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How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have? |
23 pairs, 46 chromosomes |
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Autosomes |
22 pairs of body cells |
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Homologous Pairs |
2 chromosomes that carry the same gene in the same location |
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What does DNA stand for? |
Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
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Histones |
Compacts and packages DNA |
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Human Chromosome Number |
n=23 |
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Diploid Cell |
Contains pairs of homologous chromosomes |
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Haploid Cell |
Contain impaired chromosomes (gametes) |
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Karotype |
Picture of the chromosomes found in the nucleus that is taken during division (late prophase or metaphase) |
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Mitosis |
To produce somatic cells |
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Meiosis |
Sexual Reproduction |
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Cell Cycle |
Interphase (G1, S, G2) Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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G1 |
Cell growth (organelles/proteins) |
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Synthesis (S) |
DNA replication |
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G2 |
Final preparation for division |
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Cytokenesis |
Division of cytoplasm and organelles into 2 daughter cells |
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Cancer is... |
mitosis : uncontrollable cell division, those cells do not perform normal cell functions |
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Prophase |
Chromosomes condense but do not organize, and the spindle fibres attach |
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Metaphase |
Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate by spindle fibres moving them |
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Anaphase |
Sister chromatids separate and move towards the separate poles |
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Telophase |
Chromosomes concentrated at poles, new nucleus' form, and the chromosomes begin to decondense |
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Meiosis |
1/2 the genetic material as the parent cell- formation of gametes |
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Gametes are... |
Eggs (ovum) and spermatagonia |
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Sexual Reproduction restores diploid number through.... |
Fertilization F= 23 + M= 23 == 46 |
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Meiosis 1 (Reduction Division) |
Homologous pairs separate, go from 2n to 1n |
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Meiosis 2 (mitotic division) |
Sister chromatids separate |
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Prophase 1 |
Chromosomes condense and form pairs- crossing over occurs |
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Genetic Recombination is also called... |
Crossing Over |
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Metaphase 1 |
Homologous chromosomes align on the plate (independent assortment) |
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Anaphase 1 |
Segregation: chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles (homo pairs are split) |
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Telophase 1 |
Nuclear Membrane Reforms after Cytokinesis occurs |
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Prophase 2 |
Chromosomes visible and mitotic spindle forms |
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Metaphase 2 |
Chromosomes align on plate |
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Anaphase 2 |
Sister chromatids go to opposite poles |
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Telophase 2 |
Nuclear membrane reforms, cytokinesis occurs and 4 haploid sperm cells or 1 ovum cell are produced |
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Gametogenesis |
Formation of gametes through meiosis |
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Where does Meiosis Disjunction occur? |
Prophase 1 |
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Gametogenesis in Males |
Spermatogenesis (4 sperm cells) |
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Gametogenesis in Females |
Oogenesis: 1 egg |
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Monosomy |
Missing a chromosome (lethal for the Y) |
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Turner Syndrome |
Monosomy |
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Trisomy |
Extra chromosome |
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Down Syndrome, Edward Syndrome, Patau Syndrome, and Klinefelter Syndrome are all ... |
Trisomy |
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Where does great cell growth occur? |
G1 |
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Dispersed chromosomal material is called...? |
Chromatin |
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Single strand of replicated DNA |
Chromatid |
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What phase are 2 haploid cells visible in? |
Telophase 1 |
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If 20 chromosomes undergo mitosis, ___ daughter cells will be produced with ___ chromosomes. |
2. 20. |
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If a diploid cell contains 8 chromosomes, daughter cells will contain ____ chromosomes after meiosis 2. |
4 |
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When do cells become haploid in Meiosis? |
Anaphase 1 |
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When do chromosomes duplicate? |
Synthesis |
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How many chromosomes are found in a brain cell? |
46 |
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How many brain cells are found in a Spermatid? |
23 |
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How many brain cells are found in a Red Blood Cell? |
0 |
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How many brain cells are found in a Secondary Oocyte? |
23 |
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How many brain cells are found in a spermatogonium? |
46 |
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How many brain cells are found in a Polar Body? |
23 |
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Alternation of Generations |
Generations alternate between a spark type generation and a gametophyte generation |
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Sporophyte |
Asexual diploid phase produces spores that gametophytes arise from |
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Spores |
A haploid reproductive cell that's gives rise to gametophytes |
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Gametophytes |
Produce gametes through mitosis, the gametes fuse to create a zygote |
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Binary Fission |
Prokaryotic cells- duplication and division of DNA within the cell |
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Budding |
Eukaryotic- grow then split |
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Budding |
Eukaryotic- grow then split |
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Fragmentation |
Eukaryotic- split then grow |
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Budding |
Eukaryotic- grow then split |
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Fragmentation |
Eukaryotic- split then grow |
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Conjunction |
No parent, bacteria transfers DNA between organisms |
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Budding |
Eukaryotic- grow then split |
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Fragmentation |
Eukaryotic- split then grow |
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Conjunction |
No parent, bacteria transfers DNA between organisms |
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Parthogenesis |
Unfertilized egg = adult Meiosis occurs but fert. doesn't BEES!! |
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Cloning |
creation of an organism that is an identical replicant of another |
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2 Haploid cells are visible |
Telophase 1 |
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20 chromosomes undergo mitosis and produce... |
2 daughter cells with 20 chromosomes |
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20 chromosomes undergo mitosis and produce... |
2 daughter cells with 20 chromosomes |
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When do cells become haploid? |
Anaphase 1 |
