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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do cells do?
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1. they make (manufacture) new things
2. they modify things that already exist. 3. they divide and grow. |
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Major cell components
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-cell membranes
-cell cytoplasmic organelles -cell nucleus |
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Cell membrane and selective permeability
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-size
-electrical charge -molecular shape -lipid solubility |
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How things move across membranes
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-passive diffusion
-osmosis -facilitated diffusion -active transport |
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Bulk transport
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-exocytosis
-endocytosis |
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Endocytosis of solids
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Phagocytosis(amoeboid motion)
Pinocytosis(ingestion of liquids) Receptor mediated |
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Homeostasis
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-Water
-Nutrients -Temperature |
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Isotonic
Hypotonic Hypertonic |
blood plasma
DI water salt water "crenated" |
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Carbohydrates
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Monosaccarides, disaccharides, polysaccharides. regularly converted to lipids.
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Proteins
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composed of amino acids and are unique in requiring nitrogen in their structure. i.e. collagen, keratin, elastin, actin..
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Lipids
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contains largest amount of energy. vitamin D, fats, phospholipds, steroids.
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Enzymes
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-catalysts composed of protein.
-increase rates of reaction up to 1million times. |
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enzyme specificity
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Require very specific condtions to work properly. temperature, pH go into consideration
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coenzymes
cofactors |
ORGANIC MOLECULE
CHEMICAL COMPOUND -combines with a certain vitamin or mineral, non protein. |
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chemicals to know
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vitamins- organic molecules essential to metabolism
minerals- inorganic elements- organic vs. inorganic- salts- role of water- mixtures vs. compounds- |
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ion
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a charged particle having either a positive or a negative charge
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isotopes
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protons and neutrons have different numbers
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Kinds of bonds
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Covalent Bonds: polar & non polar i.e. equally shared, unequally shared.
Ionic: + & - bonding hydrogen bonds: weakest kind of bonding |
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pH scale
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-measures H+ concentration of fluid
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Logarithmic Scale
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0----------7-----------14
highest H+ Lowest H+ - change of 1 on scale means 10x change in H+ concentration |
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Acids & Bases
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- Donate H+ when dissolved in water/ Acidic solution have pH less than 7
- Accept H+ when dissolved in water/ (alkaline or basic) solutions have pH greater than 7 |
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acidosis & alkalosis
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excess H+ (low pH)
excess OH- (high pH) |
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proteins functions
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-structural proteins
-contractile proteins- movement -buffering: regulation of pH -metabolic regulation -enzymes- metabolic regulation -hormones- coordination and control -antibodies- defense |
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homeostatic regulatory mechanism
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receptor- senses change in system
control center- recieved afferently from receptor and sent efferently towards the effector. |
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epithelial cells are avascular.
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TRUE
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four kinds of tissues
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epithelia
connective tissue muscle nerve |
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glandular epithelium types
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merocrine- most glands
apocrine- mammary glands holocrin- oil glands of epidermis |
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where do secretions go when released from glands?
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into ducts or onto surfaces=exocrine
into tissue fluids and ultimately into blood= endocrine |
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embryonic CT
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mesenchyme
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types of CT
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collagenous
elastic areolar regular and irregular dense and loose |
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where do fibers come from?
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fibroblasts & cartilage
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cells that make up fibers are:
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chondrocytes and chondroblasts
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dense fibrous membrane that borders cartilage
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perichondrium
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3 types of cartilage
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hyaline- clear, joints, skeletons
fibro-cartilage: intervertebral disks, very resilient and tough. Elastic- type of F.C., but very elastic. i.e., external ear(penna) |
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Bone Cells
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osteocytes=maintain metabolism of bone
osteoblasts= bone formation osteoclasts=remove bone tissue |
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adipose cells
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adipocytes
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histological technique
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paraffin technique or microtechnique
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where do fibers come from?
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fibroblasts
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3 arrangements of elastic fibers
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elastic fibers, elastic network, and most advanced is elastic membrane
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adipose cells have?
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large vacuoles that push the nucleus to the side
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the main mineral in bone
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calcium phosphate
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sugar and oil are hydro...
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hydrophilic- sugar; dissolves
hydrophobic- oil; does not dissolve |
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water can absorb much heat before its temperature rises
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TRUE; because heat disrupts the hydrogen bonding rather than causing movement of the molecules
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water sticks to non-water, this is called.
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adhesion
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ionic bonds being pulled apart to become free and separate ions
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Ionization
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surface tension
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more molecules per area making the water more dense towards the surface.
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cell membranes
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a critical interface with the cells environment
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3 kinds of transport
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simple diffusion: move down their concentration gradient through the phospholipid bilayer
facilitated diffusion: materials move along a concentration gradient and by a transport protein. active transport: proteins actually move materials through the membrane against a gradient |
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endocytosis:
pinocytosis phagocytosis |
literally cell drinking; solutes and proteins
literally cell eating; pieces of dead cells and or cell pieces or bacteria |
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exocytosis
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where membrane bound vesicles are pushed out of the cell to arive in the extracellular spaces
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