Biology 2.2

Front 1

Gram-positive

Back 1

Bacteria that have simple walls composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan.

Front 2

Gram-negative

Back 2

Bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are more complex with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides.

Front 3

The first genetic material was probably RNA, not DNA. True or False?

Back 3

True

Front 4

RNA may not have provided the template for DNA, a more stable genetic material. True or False?

Back 4

False

Front 5

Are most prokaryotes are unicellular?

Back 5

Yes

Front 6

What shapes can prokaryotes take up?

Back 6

Sphere (cocci)

Rods (Bacilli)

Spirals

Front 7

What are eukaryote cell walls made of?

Back 7

cellulose

chitin

Front 8

Bacterial cell walls contain what?

Back 8

peptidoglycan, a network of modified sugars cross-linked by polypeptides.

Front 9

Archaeal cell walls contain what?

Back 9

polysaccharides and proteins but lack peptidoglycan

Front 10

Many antibiotics target peptidoglycan and damage bacterial cell walls. True or False?

Back 10

True

Front 11

In a heterogeneous environment, many bacteria exhibit taxis. True or False?

Back 11

True

Front 12

Taxis

Back 12

the ability to move toward or away from astimulus

Front 13

Some bacteria develop resistant cells when they lack water or essential nutrients

Back 13

endospores

Front 14

Some prokaryotes stick to the substrate or each other using hair-likeappendages

Back 14

fimbriae

Front 15

The cells of prokaryotes are structurally more complicated than those of eukaryotes. True or False?

Back 15

False

Front 16

Phototrophs

Back 16

prokaryotes prokaryotes obtain energy from light

Front 17

Chemotrophs

Back 17

prokaryotes obtain energy from chemicals

Front 18

Autotrophs

Back 18

prokaryotes require CO2 as a carbon source

Front 19

Heterotrophs

Back 19

prokaryotes obtain carbon from organic nutrients

Front 20

Obligate aerobes

Back 20

require O2 for cellular respiration

Front 21

Obligate anaerobes

Back 21

are poisoned by O2 anduse fermentation or anaerobic respiration, in which substances other than O2act as electron acceptors

Front 22

Facultative anaerobes

Back 22

use O2 if it is available, but can survive without it

Front 23

nitrogen fixation

Back 23

some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) toammonia (NH3)

Front 24

Metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species occurs in surface-coating colonies

Back 24

Biofilms

Front 25

Conjugation

Back 25

Cell to cell DNA exchange

Front 26

Transduction

Back 26

Virus to cell DNA exchange

Front 27

Transformation

Back 27

Cell acquires loose DNA in theenvironment

Front 28

Endosymbiosis

Back 28

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives inside the body or cell of another organism.

Front 29

Red algae and green algae underwent secondary what?

Back 29

Endosymbiosis

Front 30

Colonies

Back 30

The first multicellular form. Collections of cells that are connected to one another or show little or no cellular differentiation.

Front 31

What are the 4 supergroups of eukaryotes?

Back 31

Excavata

SAR

Archaeplastida

Unikonta

Front 32

What are the 3 subgroups of Excavata?

Back 32

Diplomonads

Parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Front 33

What are the 3 supergroups of SAR?

Back 33

Stramenophiles

Alveolates

Rhiziarians

Front 34

What 3 subgroups make up Archaeplastida?

Back 34

Red algae

Green Algae

Plants

Front 35

Proteobacteria

Back 35

a clade of gram-negative bacteria with diverse metabolic and nutritional modes

Front 36

Cyanobacteria

Back 36

gram-negative photoautotrophs that generate O2 through plantlike photosynthesis

Front 37

Some archaea live in extreme environments and are called?

Back 37

extremophiles

Front 38

Symbiosis

Back 38

an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact: a larger host and smaller symbiont

Front 39

mutualism

Back 39

both organisms benefit

Front 40

commensalism

Back 40

one organism benefits while neither harming nor helping the other in any significant way

Front 41

parasitism

Back 41

an organism called a parasite harms but does not kill its host

Front 42

pathogens

Back 42

Parasites that cause disease

Front 43

the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment

Back 43

bioremediation

Front 44

unicellular eukaryotes

Back 44

Protist

Front 45

The oldest eukaryote fossils to be resolved taxonomically are of?

Back 45

red algae that lived 1.2 billion years ago

Front 46

eukaryotes are “combination” organisms

Back 46

they have genes and cell characteristics derived from archaea and bacteria

Front 47

Key evidence supporting an endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids:

Back 47

Inner membranes are similar to plasma membranes of prokaryotes.

Division is similar in these organelles and some prokaryotes.

DNA structure is similar to that of prokaryotes.

These organelles transcribe and translate their own DNA.

Their ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic than eukaryotic ribosomes.

Front 48

Plastids also arose from a single common ancestor

Back 48

a cyanobacterium that was engulfed by a eukaryote cell

Front 49

Choanoflagellates are the closest living relatives of animals. T or F?

Back 49

True

Front 50

Parasitic protists with reduced mitochondria

Back 50

Diplomonads and Parabasalids

Front 51

large, multicellular “seaweed”; includes kelp and sargassum

Back 51

brown algae

Front 52

Fungi

Back 52

heterotrophs that absorb nutrients fromoutside of their body

Front 53

Fungi consist of networks of branched _______,filamentsadaptedfor absorption

Back 53

hyphae

Front 54

Fungal cell walls contain what

Back 54

chitin

Front 55

Absorbed nutrients are concentrated inside fungal cells, causing water to flow in by osmosis. T or F?

Back 55

True

Front 56

networks of branched hyphae

Back 56

mycelia

Front 57

mycorrhizae

Back 57

the fungus improves the delivery of phosphate ions and other minerals to the plant

Front 58

Plasmogamy

Back 58

union of cytoplasm from two haploid parent mycelia

Front 59

karyogamy

Back 59

the haploid nuclei fuse, producing diploid cells

Front 60

Green algae called charophytes are not the closest relatives of land plants. T or F?

Back 60

False

Front 61

In charophytes,a layer of a durable polymer called sporopollenin prevents exposed zygotes from drying out. T or F?

Back 61

True

Front 62

Key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes

Back 62

Alternation of generations.

Multicellular, dependent embryos.

Walled spores produced in sporangia.

Apical meristems

Front 63

Sporangia

Back 63

multicellular organs that produce spores

Front 64

Localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots

Back 64

apical meristems

Front 65

Cuticle

Back 65

a waxy covering of the epidermis that functions in preventing water loss and microbial attack

Front 66

Stomata

Back 66

specialized pores that allow the exchangeof CO2 and O2 between the outside air and the plant

Front 67

Nonvascular plants

Back 67

bryophytes

Front 68

Bryophytes

Back 68

non-vascular plants

Front 69

Vascular plants have two types of vascular tissue

Back 69

xylem and phloem

Front 70

Xylem

Back 70

conducts most of the water and minerals and includes tube-shaped cells called tracheids

Front 71

Phloem

Back 71

consists of cells arranged in tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

Front 72

There are two types of leaves

Back 72

Microphylls, small leaves with a single vein.

Megaphylls, larger, more productive leaves with a highly branched vascular system.

Front 73

What are the 3 types of plant tissue?

Back 73

Ground Tissue

Vascular Tissue

Dermal Tissue

Front 74

Ground Tissue

Back 74

fills in gaps; various function, including photosynthesis

Front 75

Vascular Tissue

Back 75

transports sap, containing water and nutrients

Front 76

Dermal Tissue

Back 76

covering tissue

Front 77

There are three ground tissue types

Back 77

Parenchyma - (light cell walls for soft stems andleaves).

Collenchyma - (semi-hard for growing stems).

Schlerenchyma - (forhard, but non-woody, parts).

Front 78

Secondary growth

Back 78

The increase in girth of a stem caused by the accumulated rings of xylem

Front 79

When a stem or root elongates

Back 79

primary growth

Front 80

The branching of a fungal mycelium is one of several features that maximize surface area and have arisen in different organisms. T or F?

Back 80

True

Front 81

Alternation of Generations

Back 81

The gametophyte is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis.

Fusion of the gametes gives rise to the diploid sporophyte, which produces haploid spores by meiosis.

Front 82

Land plants are called this becauseof the dependency of the embryo on the parent

Back 82

embryophytes

Front 83

Mosses are bryophytes

Back 83

True

Front 84

Gymnosperms

Back 84

have naked seeds that are not enclosed in chambers

Front 85

Angiosperms

Back 85

have seeds that develop inside chambers called ovaries

Front 86

Pollination

Back 86

the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

Front 87

Pollen Grains

Back 87

male gametophyte enclosed within the protective pollen wall

Front 88

Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits

Back 88

True

Front 89

The ovary wall thickens and matures to form a fruit

Back 89

True

Front 90

Pollen Tube

Back 90

a hollow tube that develops from a pollen grain when deposited on the stigma of a flower. It penetrates the style and conveys the male gametes to the ovule.

Front 91

Bilaterians

Back 91

a complete digestive tract and a bilaterally symmetric form

Front 92

Eutherians

Back 92

placental mammals

Front 93

Marsupials

Back 93

mammals with a pouch

Front 94

Monotremes

Back 94

egg-laying mammals

Front 95

The different branches of the reptile tree

Back 95

Birds

Crocodilian

Turtles

Tuataras (lizards)

Squamates (snakes)

Front 96

Animals in the phylum Porifera are known informally as

Back 96

Sponges

Front 97

Cnidarians

Back 97

Including jellies, corals, and hydras. Unique stinging structures (nematocytes) housed inspecializedcells (cnidocytes); diploblastic; radially symmetrical; gastrovascular cavity (digestive compartment with a single opening).

Front 98

Platyhelminths

Back 98

Flatworms. Dorsoventrally flattened acoelomates; gastrovascularcavity or no digestive tract.

Front 99

Molluscs

Back 99

Includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octopuses and squids. They are soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by a hard shell. Coelomates with three main body parts (muscular foot,visceralmass, mantle); coelom reduced; most have hardshell made of calcium carbonate.

Front 100

Annelids

Back 100

Arecoelomates with bodies composed of a series of fused rings. Include leeches, earthworms, tubeworms.

Front 101

Nematodes

Back 101

Are found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and tissues of animals; roundworms. Cylindrical pseudocoelomates with tapered ends; no circulatory system.

Front 102

Arthropods

Back 102

Coelomates with segmented body, jointed appendages, and exoskeleton made of protein and chitin.

Front 103

Lampreys

Back 103

They are jawless vertebrates that feed by clamping their mouth onto a live fish.

Front 104

Ray-Finned Fish

Back 104

Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton and maneuverable fins supported by rays.

Front 105

Chondrichthyes

Back 105

Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton, a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton. (Sharks, rays, skates, ratfishes).

Front 106

Diatoms

Back 106

Are photosynthetic, unicellular and encased in glass-like walls. The glass walls consist of two halves that fit together like a shoebox and lid.