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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Northern Blot
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Protocol for extracting mRNA, running through a gel, blotting onto a membrane, and probing with a cloned gene
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Southern Blot
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Protocol for extracting DNA, cutting with restriction enzymes, running on a gel, blotting onto a membrane, and probing with ssDNA
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Western blot
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Protocol for extracting protein, running on a gel, blotting onto a membrane, and probing with antibodies that are marked
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restriction enzyme
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an enzyme that cuts DNA at specific target sequences of four or more bases
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haploid
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having only a single set of genes in each cell
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diploid
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having two sets of genes in each cell, one set coming from each parent through a gamete
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eukaryote
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organisms made up of one or more cells with nuclear membrane and cellular compartments
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prokaryote
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single-celled organisms that have no nuclear membrane and lack intracellular compartments
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virus
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nonliving particles that lack all metabolic machinery; replicates by hijacking host cell reproduction machinery
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probing
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most popular method used for detecting specific macromolecules in a mixture; probes are designed to make use of the specificity of intermolecular binding and bind to only the sought-after macromolecule
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phenotype
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the physical manifestation of a trait in an organism's morphology or physiology
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model organisms
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organisms whose genetic mechanisms are common either to all species or to a large group of related organisms
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genotype
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the genetic constitution of an organism
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developmental noise
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random events in development lead to variation in phenotype; within a given genotype and environment, there is a range of possible outcomes for each developmental step
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crosses
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controlled matings
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genome
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an organism's unique and complete set of genetic information
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chromosomes
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units of nuclear DNA
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homologous chromosomes
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two members of a chromosome pair, also called homologs
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gene pair
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in diploids, since there are two of each chromosome, each gene appears as a gene pair
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nucleosomes
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a molecule found in DNA packaging, consists of eight smaller histone complexes
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chromatin
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the DNA, plus the associated nucleosomes; chromatin is what makes up chromosomes
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centromere
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a part of a chromosome that is visible as a constriction; flanked by densely packed chromatin
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heterochromatin
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dense chromatin
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euchromatin
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less dense chromatin
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nucleolar organizer
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a unique region of a chromosome that contains multiple repeats of genes encoding ribosomal RNA
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nucleolus
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a spherical body containing ribosomal RNA
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telomeres
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the tips of the chromosomes
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chromosomal bands
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transverse bands that appear on chromosomes after staining
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introns
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noncoding regions of the DNA that interrupt the coding segments of the gene
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pure lines
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all offspring produced by matings within the members of the line are phenotypically identical
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Mendel's First Law (law of equal segregation)
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the members of a gene pair separate equally into the eggs and sperm; a single gamete contains only one member of the gene pair, and gametes fuse randomly at fertilization
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zygote
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a fertilized egg (2n), develops into a progeny organism
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homozygote
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an organism with a pair of identical alleles
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heterozygote
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an organism in which the alleles of the pair differ
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monohybrid cross
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Y/y x Y/y
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mitosis
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the method by which somatic cells divide to increase their number
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meiocytes
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specialized diploid cells that are set aside to divide to produce sex cells
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meiosis
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the two sequential cell divisions that results in the formation of 4 gametic cells (1n) from a diploid cell (2n)
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dyad
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replicated sister chromosomes (together)
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bivalent
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the unit comprising the pair of synapsed dyads
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tetrad
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the four chromatids that make up a bivalent
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ascus
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a membranous sac that contains the meotiotic products of haploid meiosis
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null alleles
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alleles that code for proteins that completely lack function (they literally just sit in the cell, doing nothing)
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leaky mutations
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mutations that produce new proteins that still exhibit some wild-type functions
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haplosufficient
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a situation where one copy of the gene provides enough gene product (i.e. protein) to carry out the normal transactions of the cell
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haploinsufficient
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situations where a null mutant allele will be dominant and the cell won't produce enough product for normal function
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kinetochore
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the site for attachment of the centromere to spindle-fiber microtubules
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forward genetics
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gene discovery by single-gene inheritance; find mutants first, then ID time/place of action of genes involved
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reverse genetics
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analyze a set of genes that you think encode a biological property, then induce mutations until the phenotype changes and then you know you have the correct gene
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testcross
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cross an individual of unknown heterozygosity (A/A or A/a) with a fully recessive parent
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dioecious
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species of plants that show animal-like sexual dimorphisms
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psuedoautosomal regions 1 and 2
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two short homologous regions at each end of the X and Y chromosomes; one or both of these regions undergoes crossing over in meiosis
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propositus
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the individual who first comes to the attention of a geneticist in a pedigree analysis
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polymorphism (morphs)
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the coexistence of two or more common phenotypes of a character
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