Biology 20C, Ucsc, Marinovic

Front 1

Gradualism

Back 1

Constant evolutionary change through time

Front 2

Punctuated Equilibrium

Back 2

Short bursts of change.

Fossil records favor punctuated

Front 3

Evolutionary-Developmental Biology

(Evo-Devo)

Back 3

Integrates developmental biology, paleontology, and anatomy with molecular biology, and genetics.

Front 4

HOX Genes

Back 4

Genes that control development

(more HOX genes = more complex organism)

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Gene duplications

Back 5

Create more HOX genes

- Paralog

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Orthologs

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A homologous gene in separate species that share common ancestry

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Parolog

Back 7

Gene copies within same species

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Mutations that affect spatial/temporal expression in HOX genes

Back 8

-Turns regulatory genes for HOX genes on/off

-Results:

Changes in structures

Existing structures not to form

existing structures to form in new places

Front 9

Allometric growth

Back 9

A change in the rate of growth of a feature relative to other features.

-ex. giraffe necks/vertebrate

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Paedomorphosis

Back 10

Retention of juvenile/larval characteristics in adults

Front 11

Using orthologs to infer evolutionary relationships of structures

Back 11

Ex. eyes in animals (Pax6 in mice vs eyeless in flies)

Front 12

Examples of regulatory gene mutations that cause morphological change

Back 12

-Chicken & duck have webbed embryos

· BMP4A = tissue to generate

· Gremlin = protein to inhibit BMP4 expression

-Ubx in arthropod appendages

-Hox d11 expression in fish vs limb buds

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Monophyletic Group

Back 13

Ancestor and all its descendants; good

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Paraphyletic Group

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Group with common ancestor but only some if its descendants; bad (missing some)

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Polyphyletic Group

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Groups of species with different common ancestors; worst

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Polytomy

Phylogentic tree

Back 16

More than 2 groups emerge from a node

(star phylogeny)

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Adaptive radiation

Back 17

Appears in phylogenies as polytomy

= rapid speciation

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Colonization Event

-Adaptive radiation Mechanism

Back 18

habitat unoccupied = colonization by competitors

Front 19

Morphological Innovation

-Adaptive radiation Mechanism

Back 19

Allows new resources to be exploited

Front 20

Mass Extinction

-Adaptive radiation Mechanism

Back 20

Remove major competitors = allows survivors to exploit resources previously unavailable

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Fossil record

Back 21

Total collection of fossils that have been discovered

Front 22

Fossil Advantages

Back 22

Provides direct evidence

Front 23

Habitat Bias

-Fossil disadvantages

Back 23

Burrowing/soft body organisms = more fossils

Front 24

Taxonomic Bias

-Fossil disadvantages

Back 24

Organisms with hard body = more fossils

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Temporal Bias

-Fossil disadvantages

Back 25

Older organisms are recycled into geology

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Abundance Bias

-Fossil disadvantages

Back 26

More numerous organisms = more fossils

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Organically Preserved fossil

Back 27

pollen, insects in amber

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Compressed fossil

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Carbon rich film

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Permineralized fossil

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Ex. petrified wood

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Cast fossil

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Bone, branch, shell

Front 31

Molecular Clock

Back 31

Uses neutral mutation to estimate divergence of lineage

-Cons: Caveats: difference in mutation rate of species

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Cladistics

Back 32

Tool for estimating phylogeny

-input from: morphology, biogeography, development, paleontology, molecular data

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Sympleisomorphy

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Trait shared with ancestor

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Synapomorphy

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Shared derived trait (no ancestor)

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Ingroup

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Clade that shares synapomorphy

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Outgroup

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Closest ancestor of ingroup

(lacks synapomorphy)

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Homoplasies

-Potential problems

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Traits that are not homologous

-Causes: Covergent evolution (bat + bird wing), evolutionary reversal (loss of traits)

Front 38

Maximum Parsimony

Back 38

The simplest explianation is the right one

Front 39

Phylogenetic Inference

Back 39

Uses phylogenies to understand evolutionary history and proccesses

Front 40

Hadean Eon

Back 40

formation of earth, primordial soup

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Archaen Eon

Back 41

origin of life, radition of prokaryotes

Front 42

Proterozoic Eon

Back 42

radiation of Eukaryotes

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Phanerozoic Eon

Back 43

radiation and diversification of multicellular organisms

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Cambrian Explosion

Back 44

rapid appearance/diversification of phyla

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Paleozoic Era

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Cambrian explosion

first vertebrates

invasion of land

first amphibians, reptiles, insects,

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Mesozoic Era

Back 46

first dinosaur

gymnosperms radiate

first flowering plants

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Cenozoic Era

Back 47

radiation of flowering plants/insects

mammals, hominids

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Mass Extinction

Back 48

60% species lost

Front 49

Permian Extinction

Back 49

90-95% marine taxa lost

Causes: rapid climate shift, massive volcanic eruptions

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Cretaceous Extinction

Back 50

85% species lost... mainly dinasours

cause: meteor

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Allopatric Speciation

Back 51

population become geopgraphically isolated

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Dispersal/Colonization

-Allopatric

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Small number of individuals disperses to a new habitat

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Vicarriance

-Allopatric

Back 53

large population split in two

Front 54

Sympatric Speciation

Back 54

Speciation without geographic isolation

-natural selection overwhelms gene flow

Front 55

Mechanisms that reduce gene flow

Back 55

Spatial, temporal, behavioral, polyploidy