Biology 202 Chapter 32 An Introduction To Animal Diversity

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CLEAVAGE

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the succession of rapid cell divisions with out significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells

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BLASTULA

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a hollow ball of cells that marks the end of the cleavage stage during early embryonic development in animals

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GASTRULATION

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in animal develpment, a series of call and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo folds inward, producing a 3-layered embryo, the gastrula

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GASTRULA

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an embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of 3 layers; ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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LARVA

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a free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ fromt he adult animal in morphology, nutrition and habitat

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METAMORPHOSIS

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a developmental transformation that turns an animal larva into either an adult-like stage that is not yet sexually mature or an adult.

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EDIACARAN BIOTA

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an early group of soft-bodied, multicellular eurkaryotes known from fossils that range in age from 565 million to 545 million years old

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CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION

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a relatively brief time in geologic history when large, hard-bodied forms of animals with most of the major body plans known today appeared in the fossil record. This burst of evolutionary change occured about 535-525 million years ago

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BODY PLAN

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in animals, a set of morphological and developmental traits that are integrated into a functional whole- the living animal

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RADIAL SYMMETRY

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symmetry in which the body is shaped like a pie or barrel and can be divided into mirror-image halves by any plane through its central axis

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BILATERAL SYMMETRY

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body symmetry in which a central longitudinal plane divides the body into 2 equal but opposite halves

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DORSAL

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pertaining to the top of an animal with radial or bilateral symmetry

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VENTRAL

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pertaining to the underside, or bottom, of an animal with bilateral symmetry

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ANTERIOR

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pertaining to the front, or head, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal

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POSTERIOR

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pertaining to the rear, or tail end, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal

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CEPHALIZATION

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an evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment at the anterior end of the body

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ECTODERM

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the outermost of the 3 primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering and, in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear and lens of the eye

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ENDODERM

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the innermost of the 3 primary germ layers in animal embryos; lines the archenteron and gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs and the lining of the digestive tract in species that have these structures

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ARCHENTERON

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the endoderm-lined cavity, formed during gastrulation, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal

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DIPLOBLASTIC

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having 2 germ layers

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MESODERM

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the middle primary germ layer in an animal embryo; develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidney and most of the circulatory system in species that have these structures

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TRIPLOBLASTIC

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possessing 3 germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. Most eumetazoans are triploblastic. All animals are triplobastic

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BODY CAVITY

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a fluid- or air- filled space between the digestive tract and the body wall

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COELOM

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a body cavity lined by tissue derived only from mesoderm

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COELOMATE

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an animal that possesses a true coelom

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PSEUDOCOELOMATE

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an animal whose body cavity is lined by tissue derived from mesoderm and endoderm

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ACOELOMATE

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a solid-bodied animal lacking a cavity between the gut and outer body wall

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PROTOSTOME DEVELOPMENT

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in animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the mouth from the blastopore; often also characterized by sprial cleavage and by the body cavity forming when solid masses of mesoderm split

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DEUTEROSTOME DEVELOPMENT

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in animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the anus fromthe blastopore; often also characterized by radial cleavage and by the body cavity forming as outpockets of mesodermal tissue

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SPIRAL CLEAVAGE

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a type of embryonic development in protostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo; as a result, the cells of each tier sit in the grooves between cells of adjacent tiers

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DETERMINATE CLEAVAGE

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a type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early

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RADIAL CLEAVAGE

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a type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo, thereby aligning tiers of cells one above the other

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INDETERMINATE CLEAVAGE

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a type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in which each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo

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BLASTOPORE

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in a gastrula, the opening of the archenteron that typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes

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ECDYSOZOAN

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member of a group of animal phyla identified as a clade by molecular evidence; many are molting animals

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LOPHOTROCHOZOAN

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member of a group of animal phyla indentified as a clade by molecular evidence

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LOPHOPHORE

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iin some lophotrochozoan animals, including braciopods, a crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and function in feeding.

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Ad Hox Gene

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Homeotic genes that regulate body form

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Ubx Gene

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Can turn off leg Develoment

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Neoprotithic Era

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Earliest members of Animals

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Paleozotic

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Animals increased in divirsity. Mass extinction

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Mesozoic

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Mammals gave Rise