Biology 2 Test 1

Front 1

Species

Back 1

Largest group of organisms. Two hybrids can produce fertile offspring through sexual reproduction.

Front 2

Individual (organism)

Back 2

One genome.. One body.

Front 3

Cell

Back 3

Smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. Has a cytoplasm. Nucleus enclosed in a membrane. Can be eukaryotic or prokaryotic

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Metabolism

Back 4

Set of life sustaining chemical transformations within living cells. Allow it to grow, reproduce, maintain structures and respond to environment.

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Homeostasis

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Variables are regulated in order to have stability and constancy. Example: regulation of temperature, and balance of acidity and alkilinity.

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DNA

Back 6

Heredity material humans and most organisms use to pass information onto other generations.

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Genes

Back 7

Amino acids on a protein backbone in order to relay info and reproduce in each cell.

Front 8

Adaptions

Back 8

Traits that have a functional role in life history of an organism that has been maintained and and evolved through natural selection.

Front 9

Evolution

Back 9

Change in heritable traits of biological populations over generations.

Front 10

Process of science

Back 10

Observation, hypothesis, prediction, expirement, and conclusion.

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Anecdotal evidence

Back 11

Based on someones story.

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Inductive reasoning

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Logical process using multiple premises all believed true or true most of time are combined to have a conclusion.

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Peer reviewed

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Subjecting author work, research, or ideas to scrutiny of other experts in same field in order to publish in a journal or book.

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Hypothesis

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A supposition or proposal made on the basis of limited evidence in order to start an investigation.

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Expirement

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An orderly procedure carried out by with goal of verifying, refuting, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis.

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Experimental design

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The design of any info gathering exercises where variations are present. Either full control or expirement.

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Prediction

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An if , then statement.

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Testable

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Property of applying to an empirical hypothesis. Two components: logical property ( contingency, defeasibility, and falsifiability)

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Falsifiable

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It is possible to conceive an observation or argument which proves a false answer to a question.

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Dependent variable

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What you measure in the experiment and what is being affected during experiment.

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Independent variable

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Stands alone. Isn't changed by other variables.

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Sample size

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The number of observations in a sample.

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Data

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A set of values of quantitative and qualitative variables.

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Statistical significance

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Attained when a p value is less than the significance level.

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Placebo

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A substance that has no therapeutic effect, used as a control in testing new drugs.

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Control group

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Group of subjects that resemble the treatment group but don't receive active medication.

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Experimental group

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The group that receive treatment.

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Scientific theory

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Well substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested,confirmed through observation and experimentation.

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Extinction

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The end of an organism or group of organisms.

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Emerging diseases

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Infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years and could increase in the near future.

Front 31

Paleontologist

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A scientist who studies paleontology, ( former life that existed in different geological time period's, fossils)

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Strata

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Layers in a rock bed surface, young, deep, and old.

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Fossils

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Remains or impression of a prehistoric organisms preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock.

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Acquired characteristics

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Non heritable change in a function or structure of a living biotic material caused after birth by disease, injury, accident, deliberate modification, repeated use, disuse,or misuse, or other.

Front 35

Natural selection

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The process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. (Charles Darwin)

Front 36

Adaptions

Back 36

Traits with a current functional role in the life history of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection.

Front 37

Fitness

Back 37

An organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

Front 38

Speciation

Back 38

The evolutionary process by which new biological species arise.

Front 39

Artificial selection

Back 39

The intentional reproduction of individuals in a population that has desirable trait's.

Front 40

Vestigal structure

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Genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost most or all of their ancestral function in a given species,but have been retained through evolution.

Front 41

Homologous structures

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The existence of a shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different species.

Front 42

Analogous structures

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Similar in function but not on structure and evolutionary origin.

Front 43

Macroevolution

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Changes in a group of organisms over a very long period of time.

Front 44

Biological species concept

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Groups of interbreeding natural populations that are isolated from other groups (reproductively).

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Radioactive dating fossils

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Radiometric dating to estimate how long ago rocks formed and to infer the ages of fossils contained within these rocks.

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Isotopes

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Number of nucleons in the nucleus is the atoms mass number and each isotope of a given element has a different mass number.

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Mya

Back 47

Millions of years ago

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Paleontologist

Back 48

A scientist who studies paleontology.

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Mass extinctions

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Deadly events, they open up the planet for new life forms to emerge.

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Continental drift

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A theory that explains how continents shift position on earth's surface. (Alfred Wegener)

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Meteorites

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A solid piece of debris from a source such as a astroid or a comet(outer space).

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Taxonomy

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Identifying ,naming, and classifying organisms.

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Linnaean system of classification

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Hierarchal system, higher in the category, more inclusive.

Front 54

Linnaean system of classification

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Hierarchal system, higher in the category, more inclusive.

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Binomial nomenclature

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A formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts (Latin).

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Scientific name

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Two part name of living things on earth (binomial nomenclature).

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Common name

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Name based on normal language of everyday life.

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Systematics

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Study of diversity of living forms (past and present) and relationships among living things through time. (Evolutionary tree).

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Phylogenic tree

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Best attempt at a hypothesis for evolutionary relationships.

Front 60

Root,node,branch, tips

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Parts of a tree

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Characteristics in all living organisms:

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Growth , reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death.

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How does adaption influence individuals success?

Back 62

Can gather resources, fight off predators, reproduce, get better mates( it exists because traits died off if individuals with a certain trait died off and didn't pass on genetic material, which ended in death of a gene or trait).

Front 63

Evolutionv(definition and examples)

Back 63

The change of heritable traits of biological populations over generations. (Darwin's finches).

Front 64

Process of science(identify and how it differs from other ways of knowing)

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Deductive reasoning-open to changes, nothing is proven,only supported by scientific studies.

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Controlled experiment requirements:

Back 65

Independent variable, dependent variable, control group, and treatment group.

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Daily theory

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Something small

Front 67

Anecdotal evidence

Back 67

Just one's experience, not a study.

Front 68

Hypothesis

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Something questioned based off an observation.

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Good science

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Peer review

Front 70

Bad science

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Popular science

Front 71

Technology

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Application of science

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Major challenges facing science today?

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Bioethics issues

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Cuvier

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Zoologist, founded paleontology, first to publicly document and state extinction happens due to catastrophe, such as earthquake and floods.

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Charles Lyell

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Uniformitarianism,idea that earth was shaped and still shaped by forces that take a long time.

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Lamarck

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Biologist, first to suggest that organisms change over time and that more a complex organisms came from less complex forms.

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Malthus

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Economist, population reproduces more individuals than resources available.

Front 77

Wallace

Back 77

Naturalist, independently witnessed and came up with natural selection apart from Darwin but during the same time.

Front 78

Darwin's study of fossils and biogeography contribution to the development of the theory of evolution by natural selection?

Back 78

Resemblance of extinct species in fossil records to one's living in the same area and biogeography (Galapagos finches) variations in similar species due to adaptions to their environment

Front 79

Why is evolution by natural selection a theory and not a hypothesis?

Back 79

Supported by much evidence and experiments.

Front 80

Natural selection

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Process that evolution takes on a population.

Front 81

Artificial selection

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The process of domesticating organisms.

Front 82

How do fossil record, biogeography,comparative anatomy, development, and biochemistry show evolutionary change and common descent?

Back 82

Fossil record-physical evidence. Biogeography- shows patterns in geographic distribution. Comparative anatomy and embryology- growth, development, and body structure of major groups of organisms. Molecular biology- shows variations in these molecules show evolutionary descent.

Front 83

Directional selection

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Allow for one extreme phenotype expression.

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Stabilizing selection

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Individual with intermediate phenotypes are selected

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Disruptive selection

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When both extremes of a phenotype are selected.

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Why are females more Choosey when it comes to sexual selection?

Back 86

Female has a larger risk and pay more towards reproduction, wants to make sure they have good genes , and protection and resources.

Front 87

Mutations and natural selection/evolution?

Back 87

Mechanism for change in a species.

Front 88

Genetic drift

Back 88

Allelic drift...is the change in the frequency of a allele in a population due to random sampling of organisms.

Front 89

Bottle neck effect

Back 89

The prevention of a majority of genotypes from passing their genes onto the next generation.

Front 90

Gene flow

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Gene migration, the movement of allele among populations by migration of breeding individual.

Front 91

Non random mating

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Individual select mates based upon expressed phenotypes

Front 92

Founder effect

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Type of genetic drift in which certain alleles occur at a higher frequency in a portion of a population isolated from a larger population (island effect).

Front 93

Biological species defined/breeding important?

Back 93

A group of organisms that interbreeds and has viable offspring. It is important because this passes the genetic material along to the next generation and allows the group of organisms to be genetically isolated from other group or species.

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What type of organisms does biological species concept not apply?

Back 94

Bacteria or other organisms that use asexual reproduction.

Front 95

Geological timescale division

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Paleozoic (Cambrian, Ordovician ME, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian ME), mesozoic (Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous), Cenozoic(Tertiary, Quaternary)

Front 96

How are fossils dated?

Back 96

Radiometric dating, consistent decay of radioactive elements into more stable elements.

Front 97

Carolus Linnaeus/Linnaean system of classification/binominal nomenclature?

Back 97

He created this system because a simple way was needed to name organisms

Front 98

How has the Linnaean system changed?

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There was just two groups, plants and animals, then 5,kingdom system, monera,plant,animal, fungi,and protists. Then there was six kingdom, three domain system, bacteria, archers, and eukayta.

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Scientific name

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Latin classification name

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Common name

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What organism is called on a day to day basis.

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Allopatric speciation

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Origin of new species between populations that are separated geographically.

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Sympatric speciation

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Origin of new species in populations that overlap geographically.

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Habitat

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Place where organism's lives and is able to survive and reproduce.