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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genome |
A cells set of genetic information |
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Functions of cell division |
Reproduction, Growth and Development, Tissue Renewal |
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Chromosome |
One DNA molecule with accompanying proteins (very long) |
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Chromatin |
The complex of DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes (including dispersed yarn-ball form) |
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Somatic cells |
Non sex cells -- any cell in multi-called organisms that is not an egg or sperm cell |
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Gametes |
Haploid sex cells; egg and sperm cells. (Haploid is have half as many chromosomes as somatic) |
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Mitotic (m) phase |
Includes mitosis and cytokenesis -- the splitting apart. |
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Shortest part of cell cycle |
M Phase |
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Interphase |
About 90% of the cell cycle divided into G1, S, and G2 phases |
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What happens in interphase |
Proteins and organelles are made |
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G1 phase |
First gap, growth |
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S Phase |
Synthesis -- duplication of chromosomes |
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G2 Phase |
Second gap, completes growth and preparation for cell division |
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Centrosome |
The microtubule organizing center during cell division where microtubule a form and also mitotic spindle |
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Centromere |
Major region (of proteins) where 2 sister chromatids are joined |
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Kinetochore |
Attachment site where each sister chromatid is linked to the mitotic spindle |
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Cell plate |
Flattened sac where the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis |
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5 parts of mitosis |
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
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What happens to the centrosomes in g2 |
They become active |
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How many chromosomes do somatic cells have |
46 |
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How many chromosomes do gametes have |
23 |
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What are chromosomes like before cell division |
Long, thin chromatin fibers |
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What are chromosomes like after cell division |
Densely coiled and folded so they are short and thick |
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Explain the anatomy of the chromosome |
Two sister chromatids attached by cohesins known as sister chromatid cohesion. Each sister chromatid has a centromere. |
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5 key things that happen in prophase |
1- chromatin becomes more condensed and start to see chromosomes 2- nucleoli disappear 3- duplicated chromosomes appear as identical sister chromatids joined at centromere 4- mitotic spindle begins to form 5- centrosomes move apart towards opposite ends of the cell |
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Mitosis |
Nuclear division in eukaryotic cells ( doesn't mean cell division ) |
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Cytokenesis |
Division of cytoplasm after mitosis |
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Mitotic spindle |
A framework of microtubules and associated proteins involved in the movement of chromosomes during cell division |
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Explain all the steps to cell division in order |
Interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis, cytokenesis |
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Explain 4 things that happen in G2 phase |
1. Centrosomes switch and become active 2. Centrioles on centrosomes become the skeleton 3. Chromatin is formed in nucleus 4. Proteins are pulling nucleus acids together |
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4 things in prometaphase |
1. Nuclear envelope dissolves 2. Chromosomes have divided into chromatids 3. Mitotic spindle goes through nucleus 4. Kinetechores have formed |
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4 things in prometaphase |
1. Nuclear envelope dissolves 2. Chromosomes have divided into chromatids 3. Mitotic spindle goes through nucleus 4. Kinetechores have formed |
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2 things in metaphase |
1. Chromosomes lined up the middle of the cell 2. Chromosomes are attached to Kinetechore and are attached to microtubules pulling it towards the pole |
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2 things in anaphase |
1. Rupturing of centromere 2. Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to their respective poles; tension is released |
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2 things in anaphase |
1. Rupturing of centromere 2. Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to their respective poles; tension is released |
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3 things of telophase |
1. Nuclear envelope comes back together 2. Mitotic spindle are dissolved 3. Cleavage furrow formed |
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2 things in anaphase |
1. Rupturing of centromere 2. Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to their respective poles; tension is released |
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3 things of telophase |
1. Nuclear envelope comes back together 2. Mitotic spindle are dissolved 3. Cleavage furrow formed |
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Explain 4 steps to the actual division of cell |
Cytokenesis then cleavage furrow then contractile ring then 2 cells |
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2 differences in plant cell division |
Spindles aren't as pronounced Cell plate is formed between cells |
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Prokaryotic cell division differences |
1. Don't have nuclei so no mitosis 2. Chromosome replication 3. Copies of organs go to the ends of the cell 4. Plasma membrane pinched into 2 cells (Known as binary fission) |
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2 differences in plant cell division |
Spindles aren't as pronounced Cell plate is formed between cells |
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Prokaryotic cell division differences |
1. Don't have nuclei so no mitosis 2. Chromosome replication 3. Copies of organs go to the ends of the cell 4. Plasma membrane pinched into 2 cells (Known as binary fission) |
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4 ways of different cell divison |
Bacteria: binary fission Eukaryotes: mitosis & cytokinesis Dinoflagellates: run spindle straight through Diatomes and yeast: spindle begins inside |
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Why is mitosis one of the most funded biological research projects |
It's related to cancer. |
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What experiment did they do to see if molecules in the cytoplasm controlled cells progression in the cell cycle |
They took a mammalian cells and fused them to others that were in different places of the cell cycle. An S phase was fused to G1 and the G1 went to S phase. An M phase joined with G1 phase and G1 went to M. This is a problem because chromosomes weren't able to duplicate. |
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Cyclin |
A protein that fluctuates in concentration and helps regulate the cell cycle |
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2 differences in plant cell division |
Spindles aren't as pronounced Cell plate is formed between cells |
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Prokaryotic cell division differences |
1. Don't have nuclei so no mitosis 2. Chromosome replication 3. Copies of organs go to the ends of the cell 4. Plasma membrane pinched into 2 cells (Known as binary fission) |
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4 ways of different cell divison |
Bacteria: binary fission Eukaryotes: mitosis & cytokinesis Dinoflagellates: run spindle straight through Diatomes and yeast: spindle begins inside |
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Why is mitosis one of the most funded biological research projects |
It's related to cancer. |
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What experiment did they do to see if molecules in the cytoplasm controlled cells progression in the cell cycle |
They took a mammalian cells and fused them to others that were in different places of the cell cycle. An S phase was fused to G1 and the G1 went to S phase. An M phase joined with G1 phase and G1 went to M. This is a problem because chromosomes weren't able to duplicate. |
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Cyclin |
A protein that fluctuates in concentration and helps regulate the cell cycle |
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MPF |
Cyclin and CDK complex that triggers cells passage into the M Phase through the G2 checkpoint
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Protein kinase |
An enzyme that activates or inactivates a protein by transferring a phosphate group (thus phosphorylating the protein) |
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What phase is the cell in when stopped at G1 phase checkpoint |
G0 (G not) which is not part of the cell cycle |
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Explain why a cell sometimes goes into G0 |
Because the cell didn't get the 'go ahead' signal at the G1 checkpoint, it has to exit the cycle and is then in a non-dividing state. Most cells in the human body are in G0 phase. |
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What is significant about the cell in G0 phase |
Its chromosomes are chromatin |
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Density-dependent inhibition |
normal condition where cells stop dividing when they come in contact with each other (normal condition: most cells aren't growing) |
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Anchorage dependence |
the situation where a cell must be attached to a substrate in order to divide |
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how is cancer related to anchorage dependence and density-dependent inhibition |
Normal cells use anchorage and density-dependent inhibition to start dividing and to know when to stop. Cancer cells don't display these and keep growing. |
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What happens in stage 3 cancer |
The cancerous tissue comes in contact with blood or lymph vessels |
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what happens in stage 4 cancer |
the tissue goes into metastasis (goes to other sites of the body) and becomes malignant |
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Which cancers have improved and not improved over the years |
pancreatic, lung, and brain haven't testes and melanoma have |
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Cancer |
unrestrained mitosis -- doesn't stop at G1 checkpoint |
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what did Vainio H and F Bianchirli discover about suncreen |
it can protect you from squamous cell carcinoma but can increase your chances of basil cell carcinoma and cutaneous melanoma because it makes you think you can spend however much time in the sun that you want |
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explain the immortal cell line of Henrietta Lacks |
She died in 1980 from an aggressive form of cancer and doctors from all over the world have samples of her cells in petri dishes called HeLa cells. Ethical argument. |
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What happens in G2 of interphase before mitosis |
Nuclear envelope 1 or more nucleoli 2 centrosomes formed (contains 2 centrioles) Chromosomes are not condensed |
