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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What did Darwin propose in his theory of evolution? |
B. Species evolve by natural selection C. Currently existing species share a common ancestor E. B & C |
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Which of these are living organisms? |
C. bacterium, seed, sperm |
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Mammals in Australia are called marsupials, and diverged from the placental mammals very early in mammalian evolution. Australian sugar gliders and North American flying squirrels (see picture) have membranes of skin between their forelimbs and hindlimbs that allow them to glide between tree branches. Are their membranes homologous or analogous? |
A. Analogous |
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Of the choices listed below, which is the most closely related to the extinct Tiktaalik? |
C. either mammals or amphibians; these are equally closely related to Tiktaalik |
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The following form a monophyletic group: |
C. Amphibians, mammals, lizards and relatives |
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Which of the following statements are accurate interpretations of this phylogenetic tree? |
E. mammals are more closely related to lizards than to amphibians |
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At what point in the origin of life could evolution by natural selection begin? |
B. an RNA molecule that could self-replicate inside a proto-cell. |
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Which of the following processes play(s) a critical role in the evolution by natural selection? |
A. Overproduction and competition among organisms. B. Differences in reproductive success of individuals. C. Random mutation that produce new characteristics that have at least some hereditary component. (D. All of the above.) |
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Which of the following are required for biological evolution to occur? |
A. Variation in traits that are inherited |
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To determine if two groups are NOT the same biological species, what evidence is required? |
D. Inability to mate with the other type to create a hybrid offspring that grows up to provide grandchildren to the original pair. |
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Use the following information for the next 8 questions: Five populations A-E of damselflies are located along a river bank. The species has two genetically determined and heritable morphs, light and dark, with ratios indicated in the pie diagrams above. The upstream populations C, D, and E are situated on black rock, while the downstream populations A and B live on white sand. Bird predators use visual cues to detect the damselflies. Damselflies who attempt to leave their habitat can migrate 1 km with 90% success and up to 5 km with 1% success. No damselflies have been observed migrating further than 10 km. All five populations are large in size with approximately the same numbers of individuals. Which evolutionary mechanism can best explain why light morphs are more abundant than dark morphs in Population A in the presence of bird predators? |
D. Natural selection |
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If birds prey on population D, an observer would detect |
A. Natural selection as birds they select against the light morph in the black rock habitat. B. Mutation from light to dark morphs. C. Migration of dark morphs from population C or E. D. Slight shifts in the allele frequency of the dark morph, consistent with genetic drift (E. None of these.) |
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You observe that populations B and C have 64% dark morphs. Based on this observation, you hypothesize that these two populations have the same percentage of dark morphs because of___ |
C. Gene flow. |
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How can you tell if a population is in HWE? |
B. The population is in HWE if allele frequencies do not change from one generation to the next. C. The population is in HWE if the genotype frequencies are p2, 2pq, and q2 E. B & C |
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A population has a gene with two alleles, A1 and A2. If 10% of the gametes produced in the population contain the A2 allele and the population is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, approximately what proportion of the offspring will be homozygous for A1? |
C. 0.8 |
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If you then sample a second population expected to have the same Hardy-Weinberg frequencies as the previous population, and find that the proportion of heterozygotes is 90%, you would likely say that |
C. There is strong evidence that evolution is occurring in the second population. |
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Zebra and pony can interbreed to create viable but infertile offspring. Zebras and ponies are |
B. post-zygotically isolated |
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Habitat isolation and temporal isolation are: |
C. Both prezygotic reproductive barriers |
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The history of life on earth occurred in which order (oldest to youngest): |
D. protocells, cyanobacteria, eukaryotes, Cambrian explosion, tetrapods |
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The Hawaiian Islands are of volcanic origin, with the oldest islands about 28 million years old and the youngest at 0.4 million years old. What method was used to determine the ages of these islands? |
B. potassium-40/argon-40 of volcanic rocks |
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Organic carbon recovered from the lake samples have 1/16 of present day C-14 levels. Assuming that atmospheric C-14 levels have remained roughly constant over the last 100,000 years and a half-life for C-14 of approximately 6,000 years, approximately how old is this lake? |
D. 24,000 years |
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Given your knowledge of the endosymbiotic theory, and using the ribosomal RNA tree, eukaryotes picked up mitochondria at point A, B, C, D, or E? |
C. C Domain Eukarya |
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The first genetic material was most likely a(n) |
B. RNA |
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Which of the following factors will tend to increase the likelihood of an adaptive radiation event? |
C. Evolutionary innovation. |
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Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events under the influence of natural selection? ONE Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals. TWO A change occurs in the environment. THREE Genetic frequencies within the population change. FOUR Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship. |
A. 2 → 4 → 1 → 3 |
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Which event coincided with the extinction of dinosaurs? |
C. A bolide (asteroid) impact that created the Chicxulub crater |
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Which of the following similarities are NOT homologous, but instead arose through convergent evolution? |
A. the tail fins of sharks and dolphins C. the echo-location capabilities of bats and dolphins E. A & C |
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Microfossils with cells that appear to have nuclei would indicate what domain of life? |
E. Eukarya |
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Which of the following properties or processes do we associate with living things? |
A. responding to the environment B. evolutionary adaptations C. energy processing D. growth and reproduction (E. all of the above) |
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The following questions refer to the figure below, which shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled A through D. If x indicates the location of fossils of two closely related species, then fossils of their most-recent common ancestor are most likely to occur in which stratum (layers)? |
C. C |
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If x indicates the fossils of two closely related species, neither of which is extinct, then their remains may be found in how many of these strata? |
B. two strata |
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Two morphs of the marine snail Littorina saxatilis have been identified on rocky intertidal shores in Spain. Johannesson et al. (1995) made the following observations about these snails: One morph consists of snails with smooth, unbanded shells. These snails are found in the low intertidal in a zone inhabited by blue mussels (a clam-like bivalve). The other morph consists of snails with ridged, banded shells that are found high in the intertidal, in the zone in habited by barnacles. The two morphs overlap in a narrow midshore band at the border of the blue mussel and barnacle zones. All snails feed on algae, although algal species differ between the two zones. In the lab, the morphs thrive on algae from either zone. Mating takes place in the blue mussel zone, in the barnacle zone, and in the midshore band. Snails encounter significant numbers of the other morph only in the midshore band. Mating in the midshore band is not random. Females prefer to mate with males of the same morph, and only 8% of the snails in the midshore band are hybrids. Some female hybrids have been observed with embryos in their brood pouches, indicating that they are not sterile. However, the survival rates of hybrids relative to the survival rates of pure morphs are unknown. The phylogenetic species concept best refers to |
C. How evolutionarily distinct the snails are according to DNA sequence differences |
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The most useful species concept for fossil organisms unearthed from layers of sedimentary rock is |
B. The morphological species concept |
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Based on the available evidence, the argument against saying the morphs are different biological species (BSC) is |
B. They hybridize and hybrids may be fertile. |
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Based on the available evidence, the argument for saying the morphs are different ecological species (ESC) is |
C. The morphs are mainly found in two different locations in the intertidal. |
