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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the scientific study of life
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biology
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the four molecules of life
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carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic acids, protiens
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life is capable of doing what 3 things?
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metabolism, reproduction, evolution
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maintenance of a relatively stable internal condition
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homeostasis
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the word for change over time
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evolution
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the similarity of forelimb bones shows they have been modified from ____
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common ancestors
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variations among individuals will tell how they will __ and __
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reproduce and survive
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___ is the process that determines which species with survive and reproduce
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natural selection
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what is the age of the earth
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4 billion years
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__ evolution preceded biological evolution
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chemical
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the basic unit of life
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cells
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__-karyotic were teh first type of cell
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prokaryotic
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the process that converts solar energy to chemical energy
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photosynthesis
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early photosynthetic cells were similar to what present-day cells
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bacteria
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cells with internal compartments are __-karyotic
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eukaryotic
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multicellularity allows cells to
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stick together after then divide and act together in a coordinated manner
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__ permits the combining of genes from two different cells or organisms
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sexual recombination
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name levels of organization of life from molecules to biosphere
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molecules, cells, disorganise, organ systems, organisms, population, community, biosphere
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organisms that cannot interbreed are called different ___
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species
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an educated guess is called a
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hypothesis
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what does a "control" do in an experiment
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standard for companies
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the scientific method is based on ___
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facts
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__ the basic unit of matter
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atom
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what are the 3 subatomic particles and their charges
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proton, neutron, electron
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an ___ has only one type of atom
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element
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isotopes have more of which subatomic particale
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neutron
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2 or more atoms linked by chemical bonds
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molecules
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stable molecules have a max of ___ of electrons in teh outermost shell
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8 (non reactive and complete)
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a __ links two atoms in a molecule
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chemical bond
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_ bonds SHARE two electron
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covalent bonds
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a molecule of 2 different atoms is called a
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compound
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carbon forms how many bonds with other atoms
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4
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the electrons in water are ___ shared makeing water a ___, or two-ended molecule
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unequally, polar molecule
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the loss/gain of electron in an atom forms an
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ion
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a +2 means teh that teh atom has __ electron
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loss
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bonds formed by electrical attraction between 2 ions with opposite charges
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ionic bonds
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water loving
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hydrophilic
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water hating
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hydrophobic
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teh capacity to do work
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energy
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metabolic reactions release __ energy measure in calories
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chemical
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ice is __ less dense than liquid water so it __
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less, floats
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there are _ amounts of heat exchange needed for water to change states
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large
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__ explains the tendency of water molecules to stick together
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cohesion
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___ release H while __ accepts
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acid and base
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a pH value below __ if considered acidic
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7
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body fluids do not change pH very much because of _ actions
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buffer
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NH3 and COOH are called __ group
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functional
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organic molecules have an abundance of what element
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carbon
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__ reactions form polymers from monomers
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condensation
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__ reactions form monomers from polymers
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hydrolysis
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the molecule either removed or added in condensation and hydrolysis reactions
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H2O
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list some functions of proteins
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structural support
protection regulation catalysis movement defense |
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how many R groups are available in natural amino acids
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20
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a __ linkage joins one amino acids to another
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peptide
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the sequence of amino acids determines the __ structure of proteins
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primary
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a coil, or __ helix is secondary structure, in which __ bonds form between amino acid side chain
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alpha, hydrogen
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folding of teh helix, called __ structure, makes protien more compact
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secondary
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hemoglobin's 4 cahins interact to form __ stricture
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quanternary
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loss of protiens 3-D shape is called __
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denaturation
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which level of protiens structure is not lost in denatureation
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primary
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__ serves as teh cell's main molecule
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carbohydrates
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simple sugar = __-saccaride __ = __-mer
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monosaccarides and monomers
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give 3 examples of hexoses
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alpha mannose, alpha-galactose, fructose
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give 3 examples of pentose
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ribose and deoxyribose
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glucose + furctose =
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sucrose ( table sugar)
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__ + __ = maltose
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glucose and glucose
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plants store energy as teh polysaccaride called
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starch
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animals store energy as teh polysaccaride called
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glycogen
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name some characteristics of polysaccarides
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fiers
layered form long chains branching |
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lipids are defined by their insolubility in _
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water
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name two kinds of triglycerides
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fats and oils
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_ are solid at room temperature while __ are liquid
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fats, oils
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name two kinds of fatty acids
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saturated and unsaturated
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unsaturated fatty acids have more __ bonds, thus packing less closely
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double bonds
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fats and oils are used to __ energy for later use
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store
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a bi layer of __ forms most cell membranes
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phospholipids
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steroids are lipids with __ rings in the structure
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4
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name some well-known steroids
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cholesterol, Vitamin D2, testosterone, cortisol
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nucleic acids store
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information
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name two main kinds of nucleic acids
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RNA and DNA
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the sugars in nucleotides are pentoses with how many carbons
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5
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what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide
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base (pyrimidines or purines), phosphate , sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
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a polymer of nucleotides is a called a
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polynucleotides
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name the four nitrogenous bases in DNA
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cytosine (c), thymine (T), adenine (A), guanine (G)
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how do The bases pair up?
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A-T and C-G
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RNA is __ stranded
DNA is __ stranded |
single
double |
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the information in DNA is encoded in the _ of the basses
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sequences
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what are the 3 statements of cell theory
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cells are the fundamental unit of life
all organisms are composed of cells all cells come from preexisting cells |
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what limits cell size
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the surface area to volume ratio
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what cell feature separates inside from outside
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plasma membrane
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what is the arrangement of hydrophobic heads and hydrophobic tails in the cell membrane
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head out tails in
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prevents some substances from crossing while allowing others
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selectively permeable barrier
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prokaryotes have no____
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compartments
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what is the difference between nucleoids and nucleus
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nucleoids have not membranes
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holds DNA
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nucleus
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power plant of the cell; where energy stored in the bonds or carbohydrates is converted to a form of energy call ATP
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mitochondria
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supports the cell and is involved in movements of teh cell
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cytoskeleton
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protein synthesis
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ER with ribosomes
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proteins are packed and sent to appropriate locations
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Golgi apparatus
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supports the PLANT cell
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cell wall
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photosynthesis
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choloplast
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where is teh location and what teh function of teh nucleolus
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holds RNA and it is located in the nucleus
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make of DNA, rod like
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chromosomes
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ribosomes may lie free in cytoplasm or attached to the
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ER
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what happens on ribosomes
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protien synthesis
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name 2 components of Endomembrane system
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ER and Golgi Apparatus
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why is rough ER called "rough"
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because of teh ribosomes on it
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what are some functions of SER
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site for lipid synthesis and chemical modification for proteins
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whar does Golgi do to proteins
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modifies, packages, sorts (finishing touches)
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describs teh apperaence of golgi
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varies, but always have flattened membraneous sacs called cisternae
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lysosomes contain ___ ___ that digest itens within them
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digestive enzymes
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define autophagy
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organelles are engulged by lysosomes and hyrolyzed to monomers (cellular suicide)
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mitochondria are places for __ transformations
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energy
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define cellular respiration
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the production of ATP in teh mitochondria using feul molucules and molecular O2
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define plastids
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a class of organelles produced only in plants and some protists
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chloroplast
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makes chemical energy (photosynthesis)
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list dome cytoskeleton functions
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maintain cell shape, cellular movement, supports format of protiens, moves things in teh cell
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name 2 types of cytoskeleton components
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microfiliments, intermediate filaments and micro tubules
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fluid mosaic model could be visualized as : __ "icebergs" floating in a sea of __
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protiens, lipids
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__ form a bilayer that constiutes most of teh bulk of a membrane
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phospholipids
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specialized functiond in the membrane are done by
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protiens
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name 2 functions of proteins in membrane
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recieving chemical signals from teh enviroment and moving materials through teh membrane
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what is the main function of carbohydrates in membranes
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recognition sites for other cells and molecules
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what re 3 types of cell junctions
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tight, desmosomes, gap
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what is the function of tight junctions
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seal ad prevent leakes
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what is teh function of desmosomes?
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tightly link cells but allow materials to move in them
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what is the function of gap junctions
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lets cells communicate
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define selectively permeable
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the ability to allow some substances, but not others, to pass throught the membrane
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what is the difference between passive and active transport
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passive requires not energy and active does
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diffuseion rates are slower when: molecules are ___, temperature is __ and the gradient is __
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larger, lower and, smaller
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small molecules move through a membrane by a process known as
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simple diffusion
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the movement of water through a membrane is specifically called
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osmosis
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define isotonic
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equal solute concentration
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define hypertonis
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high solute concentration
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define hypotonic
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lower solute concentrations
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give results to RBC in each type of solution (iso, hyper, hyps)
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ok, burst, shrink
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diffusion of substances many be "facilitated" by
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channel protiens
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glucose transport is an example of facilitates diffusion by __
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carrier protiens
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movement of substances from low to high concentrations is called __
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active transport
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define symport
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mve 2 solutes in the same direction`
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WBC's eat bacteia by a process known as
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phagocytosis type of endocytosis
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enzymer secretion from intestinal lining is an example
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exocytosis
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define signal transduction pathway
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teh entire signaling process (4 steps)
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hormones travel via the __ in teh body
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blood stream
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all cells must have a __ to recieve signlas
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receptors
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what are teh sequence steps in signaling
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signal, bind to the receptor, transduction( amplification), effect
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cells will or will not respond to a signal depending on teh presence or absence of a proper __
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receptor
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nonpolar (setroid) molecule __ pass through membrance to cytoplasmic recptor
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will
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acetylcholine binds to a channel protien to allow what to happen
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open th channel and let sloute through
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homeostasis
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steady state
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isomer
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same number of atoms, different arrangement
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hypertonic
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high solute
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what is the main function of carbohydrates in membranes
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recognition sites for other cells and molecules
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what re 3 types of cell junctions
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tight, desmosomes, gap
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what is the function of tight junctions
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seal ad prevent leakes
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what is teh function of desmosomes?
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tightly link cells but allow materials to move in them
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what is the function of gap junctions
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lets cells communicate
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define selectively permeable
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the ability to allow some substances, but not others, to pass throught the membrane
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what is the difference between passive and active transport
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passive requires not energy and active does
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diffuseion rates are slower when: molecules are ___, temperature is __ and the gradient is __
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larger, lower and, smaller
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small molecules move through a membrane by a process known as
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simple diffusion
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the movement of water through a membrane is specifically called
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osmosis
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define isotonic
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equal solute concentration
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define hypertonis
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high solute concentration
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define hypotonic
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lower solute concentrations
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give results to RBC in each type of solution (iso, hyper, hyps)
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ok, burst, shrink
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diffusion of substances many be "facilitated" by
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channel protiens
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glycogen
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animal starch
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organelles
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cellular campartments
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fluid mosaic
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design of teh cell membrane
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vesicles
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storage compartments in cells
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glycolipid
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carbo stuck on a lipid
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paracrine
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hormones acts locally
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