Biology 110 Unit 3 Ccbc Destefano

Front 1

What organelle carries out respiration?

Back 1

Mitochondria

Front 2

What is the final electron acceptor in light reaction?

Back 2

NADP+, producing NADPH

Front 3

2 types of fermentation

Back 3

1. alcoholic fermintation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

Front 4

What is phosphorylation?

Back 4

Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or other organic molecule. Phosphorylation activates or deactivates many protein enzymes, causing or preventing the mechanisms of diseases such as cancer and diabetes.

Front 5

Antennae Complex

Back 5

Pigment binding proteins that absorb sunlight

Front 6

Product of Calvin Cycle

Back 6

G3P (Sugar)

Front 7

Mutation

Back 7

A heritable change in the genetic material

Front 8

Stroma

Back 8

The fluid-filled region of the chloroplast between the Thylakoid membrane and the inner membrane

Front 9

Purine

Back 9

The bases adenine and guanine with double rings of nitrogen and carbon atoms

Front 10

Stomata

Back 10

Surface pores on plants surfaces that can be closed to retain water or open to allow the entry of CO 2, needed for photosynthesis and the exit of oxygen and water vapor

Front 11

How many ATP's does each NADH produce?

Back 11

3 ATP's

Front 12

How many ATP's does each FADH2 produce?

Back 12

2 ATP's

Front 13

Source of electrons for light reactions

Back 13

Water

Front 14

Telomeres

Back 14

A region at the ends of the eukaryotic chromosomes where a specialized form of DNA replication occurs.

Front 15

What enzyme produces ATP?

Back 15

ATP synthase

Front 16

Chemiosmosis

Back 16

A process for making ATP in which energy stored in an ion electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP and ADP and P

Front 17

What are light particles

Back 17

A type of electromagnetic radiation consists of energy in the form of electric and magnetic fields.

Front 18

What is regenerated in fermentation

Back 18

NAD is regenerated in fermentation by donating the H from NADH to pyruvic acid

Front 19

Bonds in DNA

Back 19

Base pairs in DNA are attached to each other via hydrogen bonds. The base pairs are attached to the backbone by covalent bonds.

Front 20

Product of Photosystem 1

Back 20

Photosystem 1 finally produces just NADPH through another electron transport chain

Front 21

Product of Photosystem 2

Back 21

Photosystem II finally produces oxygen which goes into the atmosphere and also ATP through an electron transport chain and ATP synthase.

Front 22

Types of Photosyntheis

Back 22

1. C3 Photosynthesis
2.C4 Photosynthesis
3. CAM Photosynthesis

Front 23

Semi conservative replication

Back 23

Each daughter DNA copy contains one strand of parental DNA and one newly constructed strand

Front 24

Helicase

Back 24

6 ring protien that unzips DNA into 2 seperate strands

Front 25

Single Stranded Binding Protein (SSB)

Back 25

Bind to each single strand of DNA to stop them from reannealing (pairing again)

Front 26

Primase

Back 26

Synthesizes short RNA primers to start DNA replication

Front 27

Polymerase

Back 27

Strings nucleotides together to form a DNA strand

Front 28

Sliding Clamp

Back 28

Holds Polymerase onto DNA strand during replication

Front 29

RNase H

Back 29

Removes primers put there to start DNA replication

Front 30

Ligase

Back 30

Link short strands of DNA together to create one long continous chain

Front 31

What serves as the template during DNA replication?

Back 31

Each strand of the unzipped double helix.

Front 32

What does the electron pump through the ETC?

Back 32

Hydrogen Ions

Front 33

DNA backbone

Back 33

Made up of deoxyribose

Front 34

Base Pairs in DNA

Back 34

1.Adenine
2.Thymine
3.Guanine
4.Cytosine

Front 35

Base Pairs in RNA

Back 35

1.Adenine
2.Uracil
3.Guanine
4.Cytosine

Front 36

The final electron acceptor in respiration?

Back 36

Oxygen

Front 37

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Back 37

Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts. The chloroplasts contains the pigment called chlorophyll where it receives sunlight

Front 38

What is the source of Oxygen in photosynthesis?

Back 38

Water (H2O)

Front 39

What is the final product of the original glucose in glycolysis?

Back 39

Pyruvic Acid

Front 40

X-Ray Diffraction

Back 40

Method Rosalind Franklin used to show DNA was shaped like a double helix.

Front 41

What information is carried by DNA

Back 41

Carries the "blue print" to construct other components of cells...our genes

Front 42

What enzyme combines with CO2 in the Calvin Cycle?

Back 42

Rubisco (RuBP carboxylase)

Front 43

What is regenerated in the calvin cycle?

Back 43

ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

Front 44

What is the replication fork?

Back 44

Is the split created by the helicases when the hydrogen bonds holding it together are broken

Front 45

Leading Strand

Back 45

Strand oriented in 3' to 5', is replicated continuously going towards replication

Front 46

Lagging Strand

Back 46

Is oriented in the 3' to 5' manner built in opposite direction of replication fork, is replicated in short strands that are joined by ligase

Front 47

Role of topoisomerase

Back 47

Helps releive strain put on DNA ahead of replication fork by helicase when it unzips the double helix.

Front 48

When does fermentation occur?

Back 48

Fermentation occurs if there is not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration. Fermentation occurs when molecular oxygen is not available

Front 49

What is are telomerase?

Back 49

Telomerase is an enzyme (it ends in -ase) and it reattaches telomeres to chromosomes

Front 50

What is a telomere?

Back 50

Telomeres are bunches of DNA on the end of chromosomes. They are kind of like glue because they help prevent deterioration of chromosomes. They also help to determine the longevity of a cell. When chromosomes do their thing, some telomeres break off.

Front 51

What type of energy is light energy converted into?

Back 51

Chemical Energy

Front 52

What is needed for photosynthesis?

Back 52

1.chlorophyll
2. Sunlight
3. water
4. carbon dioxide

Front 53

DNA components

Back 53

1. sugar (deoxyribose),
2. phosphate group,
3. nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine).

Front 54

Light Energy is converted into what kind of energy?

Back 54

Chemical Energy

Front 55

Properties of Light

Back 55

1. Intensity
2.Frequency or Wavelength
3.polarization
4. phase

Front 56

What is a photosystem?

Back 56

A multisubunit complex found mainly in the thylakoid membranes of plants and algae, and in the cytoplasmic membranes of photosynthetic bacteria. It is primarily involved in capturing light to cause a series of redox reactions.

Front 57

What pigments absorb light?

Back 57

Photosynthetic pigments

Front 58

Who discovered the chemical structure of DNA

Back 58

James Watson and Francis Crick

Front 59

3 Stages of Calvin cycle

Back 59

1. Carboxylation - CO2 is covalently linked to a carbon skeleton (RuBP)
2. Reduction - carbohydrate is formed at the expense of ATP and NADPH
3. Regeneration - the CO2 acceptor RuBP reforms at the expense of ATP

Front 60

Role of RNA polymerase

Back 60

RNA polymerase (RNAP or RNApol) is an enzyme that produces RNA. In cells, RNAP is needed for constructing RNA chains from DNA genes as templates, a process called transcription.

Front 61

Components of nucleotide

Back 61

1. A pentose (5-carbon) sugar arranged in a ring called deoxyribose
2. An organic nitrogenous base
3. A phosphate group

Front 62

What is produced in the Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle?

Back 62

2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH
2 Co2

Front 63

What is alcohol fermentation?

Back 63

It is anerobic (no Oxygen) respiration where pyruvate sugars are converted into ethanol by adding NADH to them.

Front 64

What occurs in fermintation?

Back 64

It is anerobic (no Oxygen) respiration where pyruvate sugars are converted by adding NADH to them. When oxygen is available they are converted back into pyruvate acid.

Front 65

What happens to the electrons in NADH and FADH

Back 65

They travel through the electron transport chain (E.T.C.) and the are used to make ATP from ADP + P

Front 66

What is lactate fermentation

Back 66

It is anerobic fermintation (No Oxygen) that occurs when PYRUVATE ACID is changed into lactic acid by addition of hydrogen atoms from NADH

Front 67

Phosphoralation

Back 67

When Phosphate (P) is added to ADP to make ATP.

Front 68

Oxidative Phosphoralation

Back 68

Removal of Hydrogen atoms from NADH and FADH to make ATP and water by adding hydrogen atoms to Oxygen

Front 69

Importance of Oxaloacetate in Kreb Cycle

Back 69

condences with acetyl CoA via the enzyme citrate synthase to form citrate

Front 70

ATP and NADH produced in glycolysis

Back 70

4 ATP
2 NADH

Front 71

What is prouced in the acetyle co A cycle

Back 71

4 CO2

Front 72

What end of DNa are nucleotides added to?

Back 72

5' end (nucleotides are added from 3' toward 5')

Front 73

Role of DNA polymerase in DNA errors

Back 73

it can detect mismatched bases as it is creating the DNA, and will remove the incorrect nucleotide and add a correct nucleotide.