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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 ways to study behavior
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1)physiological
2)developmental 3)functional (adaptive value) |
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How does natural selection shape behavior?
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physical and behavioral traits often go hand in hand
ex: dog's nose |
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genetic drift
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random change in gene frequency
(large pop. to small) |
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enery intake vs. cost
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ex: crabs and mussels
try to get most benefit for least cost |
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Why have a territory?
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have own exclusive resources
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problem with altruism
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reciprocity (offer protection in return for protectio) and kin selection (protect own genetics)
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Hamilton's Rule
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rb>c
r=related b=benefit c=cost |
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population
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group of same species in same time @ same place
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3 characteristics of population
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1) range
2) spacing 3) size |
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genetic bottleneck
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small population=low genetic diversity
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3 kinds of population spacing
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1)even
2)clumped (herds-more beneficial) 3)random |
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4 factors affectiong population growth rates
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1)sex ration
2)generation time 3)age structure 4)birth/death rates ex: Sweden vs. Kenya |
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fitness
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passing on genes to next generation
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semelparity
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reproductive even like big bang (one)
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iteroparity
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reproductive event - bet hedging (spread out-many)
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r formula
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r=(b-d)+(i-e)
b=birth d=death i=immigration e=emmigration |
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Simplest model of population groth
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dn/dt=rN
N=population size dn=change in population size dt=change in time r=rate of increase |
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Logistic Growth Equation
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dn/dt=rN((k-n)/k)
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niche
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sum total of all the ways an organism uses it's environment
ex: barnacles |
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community
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interacting organisms
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Individualistic concept of communities
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species present had to hrive n climate, whoever gets there first & not based on interaction
(H.A. Gleason) |
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species redundancy
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species job in community could be replaced by another species
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Holistic concept of communities
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interactions crucial todeveloping community
(F.E. Clements) |
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Mutualistic associations
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1) Obligate (need partner)
2) Facultative (can have but don't need) ex: lichens |
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Commensal associations
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one benefits, other neutral
ex: endophytes (protect toxins which keep plant from being eaten) |
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Parasitic associations
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benefits one, hurts other
ex: athletes foot |
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Pathogenic
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Benefits one, kills other
Ex: ergot & "dancing mania" |
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5 characteristics of a fungus
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1)heterotrophic
2)several different cell types (both diploid and haploid) 3)dikaryon (may have 2 coexisting haploid nucleus) 4)cell walls-chitin 5)undergo nuclear mitosis |
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Protist paraphyletic group
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commmon ancestors but not all descendants
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4 major groups of plants
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1)non-vascular plants (liverworts, mosses)
2)seedless vascular plants (ferns, horsetails) 3)gymnosperms (conifers) 4)angiosperm(flowering plants) |
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4 adaptations ofplants to terrestrial environment
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1)waxy cuticle
2)stomata-respiration 3)leaves 4)structural support-cellulose |
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diplontic
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humans (only diploid part is shown)
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haplodiplonic
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both haploid and diploid are multicellular
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sporophyte
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diploid form of plant
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gamatetophyte
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haploid form of plant
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sporangia
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diploid structure of sporophyte where meiosis takes place
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spore mother cells
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cell in sporangia that goes through meiosis
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spores
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haploid
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4 characteristics of non-vascular plants
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1)no vascular tissue
2)need water for reproduction 3)sporophyte is attatchedto the gametophyte 4)homosporous |
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3 non-vascular plant phyla
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1)bryophyta
2)hepaticophyita 3)anthocerophyta |
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4 characteristics of seedless vascular plants
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1)vascular tissue
2)true stomata 3)need water for reproduction 4)homosporous |
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What makes up plant vascular tissue?
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phloem (carries sugars) and xylem (carries water)
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2 seedless vascular phyla
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1)lycophyta
2)pterophyta |
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2 characteristics of gymnosperms
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1) cone bearing
2) "naked" seeds |
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4 gymnosperm phyla
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1)coniferophyta
2)cycadophyta 3)ginkophyta 4)gnetophyta |
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4 characteristics of angiosperms
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1)ovules enclosed in ovary
2)fruit develops from the ovary 3)flowers that attract pollinators 4)double fertilization |
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Angiosperm phyla and 2 classes
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anthophyta
1)monocots 2)dicots |
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monocot
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one cotyledon, parallel veins, flower parts in 3's
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dicots
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two cotyledon, branching veings, flower parts in 4's & 5's
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anther
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produces pollen
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ovule
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makes egg
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stigma
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where pollen lands
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carpel
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all female parts
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pollen grains
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1n but 2 nuclei
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endosperm
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stuff feeds on inside seed (3n)
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5 characteristics of animals
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1)heterotrophs
2)multicellular 3)move from place to place 4)diverse in form andhabitat 5)sexual reproduction |
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6 animal phyla
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1)Porifera
2)Cnidaria 3)Platyhelminthes 4)Annelida 5)Mollusca 6)Nematoda |
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5 Characteristics of Porifera
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1)belong to "parazoa'
2)cell specialization 3)no true tissues 4)skeleton of spongin & spicules 5)intercellular digestion |
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osculum
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where water comes out in porifera
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pores
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water comes in
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5 Characeristics of Cnidarians
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1)Eumetazoa & belong to "radiata"
2)Carnivorous 3)Internal, extracellular digestion (stomach) 4)stinging cells 5)two types |
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2 types of cnidarians
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polyp and medusa
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What are cnidarian stinging cells called?
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cnidocytes
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3 Characteristics of platyhelminthes
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1)Bilateral symmetry
2)no body cavity 3)many parasitic |
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6 Characteristics of nematoda
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1)unsegmented
2)covered by thick, flexible cuticle 3)lengthwise muscles ONLY 4)pharynx 5)anus 6)interal body cavity (psuedocoel) |
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pseudocoel
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internal body cavity (serves as hydrostatic skeleton)
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coelem
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mollusk body cavity
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Characteristics of Mollusca
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1)body cavity called coelem
2)radula for feeding 3)organ systems in muscular foot 4)shell secreted by the mantle |
