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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
2 types of cell division |
mitosis and meiosis |
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cells are rapidly |
dying and being replaced |
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cell division |
produces a continuous supply of replacement cells |
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fertilized egg |
zygote |
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zygote divides by |
mitosis |
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gametes are |
sperm and egg cells sexual reproduction cells |
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gametes are |
haploid |
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zygotes |
combination of 2 haploid so diploid |
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produce sex cells by |
meiosis |
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sex cells or gametes or sprem and egg are produced by |
meiosis |
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sex cells combine at |
fertilization |
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mitosis cell division roles |
- allow an organism to grow and develop - repairs tissues - regenerates lost body parts
|
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some organisms reproduce aesexually by |
mitosis |
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apoptosis |
cell death -carves out distinctive traits |
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this carves out distinctive traits |
apoptosis |
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webbed feet vs non webbed feet is an example of |
apoptosis |
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when a zygote divides it is using |
mitotic cell division |
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meiosis produces gametes, gametes bind at fertilization to produce zygote, zygote divides by mitosis into fetus |
meiosis, mitosis, and fertilizaiton in the human reproduction cycle |
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mitotic cell division generates |
exact copies |
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_______ generates exact copies |
mitotic |
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cell cycle |
describes the events that occur in one round of cell division |
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____describes the events that occur in one round of cell division |
cell cycle |
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in interphase |
cell replicates its dna and carries out many functions unrelated to cell division -is part of cell cycle, but is NOT part of mitosis |
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_______ is part of cell cycle, but NOT part of mitosis |
interphase |
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cell replicates its dna and carries out many functions not relating to cell division in |
interphase |
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g1 of interphase is |
cell growth |
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s phase of interphase is |
synthesize dna |
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g2 phase of interphase is |
more growth and preparation of mitosis |
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mitosis is the |
division of the nucleus |
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division of the nucleus |
mitosis |
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divisison of the cell itself is |
cytokinesis |
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cytokinses |
division of the cell itself |
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chromosomes divide during |
mitosis |
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in mitosis |
chromosomes divide |
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mitsosis stages |
early prophase late prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis |
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early prophase |
chromosomes condense and become more visible -spindle forms as centrosomes begin to move to opposite sides of the cell |
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in this stage of mitosis chromosomes condense and become more visible |
early prophase |
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in this stage of mitosis spindle forms as centromeres begin to move to opposite sides of the cell |
early prophase |
|
late prophase |
nuclear envelope breaks up spindle fibers attach to chromosomes |
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in this stage of mitosis nuclear envelope breaks up |
late prophase |
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in this stage of mitosis spindle fibers attach to chromosomes |
late prophase |
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metaphase |
chromosomes align along center of the cell |
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in this stage of mitosis chromosomes align along center of the cell |
metaphase |
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anaphase |
centromeres split as sister chromatids seperate and move to opposite sides of the cell |
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in this stage of mitosis centromeres split and sister chromatids seperate and move to opposite sides of the cell |
anaphase |
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telophase |
nuclear envolope and nucleolus form at each pole -chromosomes decondense -spindle dissapears |
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in this stage of mitosis nuclear envelope and nucleolus form at each pol |
telophase |
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in this stage of mitosis chromosomes decondense |
telophase |
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in this stage of mitosis the spindle dissappears |
telophase |
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cytokinesis |
division of the cytoplasm into two cells |
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in this stage of mitosis the division of the cytoplasm into two cells occurs |
cytokinesis |
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in an animal cell the first sign of cytokinesis is the |
cleavage furrow |
|
cleavage furrow |
first sign of cytokinses in animal cell -deepens as the ring of proteins beneath the cell membrane contracts -shown on outside of cell
|
|
contractile ring |
is in insde of cell |
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when mitosis may occur without cytokinesis |
nuclei never enter interphase |
|
know the stages of mitosis |
ok |
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cancer arises when cells |
divide out of control |
|
chemical checkpoints |
regulate the cell cycle |
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regulates the cell cycle |
chemical checkpoints |
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tumor is an |
abnormal mass of tissue |
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cells of a _____ divide out of control |
tumor |
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tumors are either |
benign or malignant |
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benign |
sterol non harmful |
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malignant |
these cells can seed new tumors throughout the body |
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sheath of connective tissue keeps tumor from spreading in |
benign cells |
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genes and enviornment |
increase cancer risk |
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reproduction occurs in |
asexual and sexual |
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asexual reproduction |
-genetically identical offspring -replicates dna and splits contents of one cell into two
|
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sexual reproduction |
-two parents -genetically different -genetic diversity
|
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sex is costly because |
attracting a mate and producing sex cells is costly |
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diploid cells contain |
two homologous pairs of chromosomes |
|
these contain two homologous pairs of chromosomes |
diploid cells |
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most cells in sexually reproducint organisms have |
two sets of chromosomes -father and mother |
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humans have __ chromosomes |
46 |
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cells that contain two sets of chromosomes are called |
diploid |
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the numered chromosomes which are the same for both sexes are |
autosomes |
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autosomes |
are numbered chromosomes -are the same for both sexes |
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chromosomes denoted by a letter are |
sex chromosomes |
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xx xy or intersex |
intersex xxy xo |
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all autsomes are paired with |
equally sized chromosomes |
|
y is smaller than |
x |
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chromosomes of a homologous pair |
look alike and carry out the same sequence of genes for the same trait |
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_______ look alike and carry out the same sequence of genes for the same trait |
chromosomes of a homologous pair |
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sister chromatids |
half the x from mom or dad |
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homologous pair |
both x's or both chromosomes -mom and dad |
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members of a homologous pair may carry different |
alleles |
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alleles are same location along |
sister chromatids |
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meiosis produces |
gametes |
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gametes are |
haploid cells |
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haploid cell has |
only one set of chromosomes |
|
has one set of chromosomes |
haploid |
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when two haploid cells fuse at fertilization |
a diploid cell called a zygote forms |
|
the first cell of a new organism |
zygote |
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the organism grows by ______ cell divisision |
mitotic |
|
during gamete formation, specialized diploid cells(germ cells) divide by |
meiosis |
|
germ cells |
specialized diploid cells -divide by meiosis |
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in ______, dna replicates once, but nucleus divides twice |
meiosis |
|
meiosis |
dna replicates once but nucleus divides twice |
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product of meiosis is |
two unpaired, unreplicated chromosomes per cell |
|
meiosis stages |
prophase 1 early and late, metaphase1, anaphase1, telophase1, cytokinesis1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2, cytokinesis 2 |
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in prophase 1 early of meiosis |
chromosomes dense and become more visible |
|
chromosomes dense and become more visible during this |
prophase 1 early of meiosis |
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prophase 1 late |
crossing over occurs -spindle forms -nuclear envelope breaks down |
|
during this phase of meiosis crossing over occurs |
prophase 1 late |
|
prophase 2 in meiosis |
spindle forms an nuclear envelope breaks down |
|
telophase 1 and cytokinesis 1 in meiosis |
nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes which may temporarily dencondense
|
|
telophase 2 and cytokinesis 2 in meiosis |
nuclear envelope assembles around daughter nuclei
|
|
in this stage of meiosis nuclear envelope assembles around the daughter nuclei |
telophase and cytokinesis 2 |
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in this stage of meiosis nuclear envelope forms around chromsomes |
telophase and cytokinesis 1 |
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meiosis produces |
4 haploid daughter cells |
|
mitosis produces |
2 diploid cells |
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________ generates variability |
meiosis |
|
gametes produced in meiosis are different from one another because |
crossing over (prophase 1) and independent assortment (metaphase 1) |
|
metaphase 1 |
stacked |
|
cross over |
two homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during prophase 1 |
|
two homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during prophase 1 |
cross over |
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site of cross over is |
where they hold hands |
|
independent assortment |
chromosome pairs align randomly in metaphase 1 |
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color changing chromsome pairs is an example of |
independent assortment |
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2 to the power of how many chromosomes yields |
possibile gametes |
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monozygotic (identical) twins |
1 zygote that split into two embryos -each embryo then develops independently |
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when 1 zygote splits into 2 embryos it is |
monozygotic or identical twins |
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dizygotic or fraternal twins are a |
testiment to the variation among gametes |
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two sperm cells fertilize two egg cells in |
dizygotic (fraternal) twins |
|
dizygotic |
fraternal |
|
monozygotic |
identical |
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meiosis occurs in |
germ cells |
|
mitosis occurs in |
body cells |
|
germ cells are produced by |
meiosis |
|
body cells are produced by |
mitosis |
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mitosis has |
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
|
meiois has |
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase TWICE |
|
this has the steps twice |
meiosis |
|
cytokinesis occurs once in |
mitosis |
|
cytokinesis occurs twice in |
meiosis |
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daughter cells have the same chromosome number as the parent cell in |
mitosis |
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chromosome number is halved in |
meiosis |
|
mitosis produces |
diploid cells |
|
meiosis produces |
haploid cells |
|
homologous chromosome pairing allows for crossing over which occurs in |
meiosis |
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crossing over does not occur in |
mitosis |
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what ways are meiosis and mitosis different |
make a t chart on paper |
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dna replicates during the ______ in the cell cycle |
s phase |
|
steps of mitosis |
pro, meta, ana, telo, cyto ONCE |
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products of mitosis |
2 diploid cells somatic cells |
|
somatic cells |
all cells except sperm and egg |
|
meiosis produces |
4 haploid cells germ cells |
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roles of mitosis |
to grow, redevelop ligments, repair tissue |
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in meiosis |
all phases TWICE -anaphase 1 is crossing over -metaphase 2 is independent assortment |
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differences and similiarites of mitois and meiosis |
make venn diagram |
|
what are homologous chromosomes |
one x -composed of 2 sister chromatids - get two homologous chromosomes (one from mom and one from dad) |
|
differences and similarities between sexual and asexual reproduction |
make venn diagram |