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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Properties of biology
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order, response to environment, reproduction, grow and develop, maintain regulation, require energy, adapt
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core theme of biology
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evolution
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10 levels of biological organization
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atoms, compunds, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs and organ systems, organisms, populations, communitys, eco systems, biosphere
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Biosphere
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all enviornments on earth that are inhabited by life
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ecosystems
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all living things in a particular area consisting along with non living things such as soil water gases and light
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communitys
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entire array of organisms inhabiting an ecosystem
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populations
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all the individual species living in a specific area
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organisms
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individual living things
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the goal of systems biology
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to construct models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems
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what is a system?
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combination of components that function together
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what are the 2 major processes of an ecosystem?
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cycling of nutrients, one way flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumers
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consumer
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heterotroph, you have to consume things to get energy
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order of energy conversion
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plant absorb light energy, chemical energy stored in sugar molecules, when animals muscles use sugar they convert chemical energy into kinetic energy, then some energy is released as heat in all of these conversions
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examples of form fits function
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birds wings have an aerodynamically efficient shape, wing bones are hollow so they are light wieght
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division of cells
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it is the basis of all reproduction and for the growth and repair for all multicellular organisms
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what are the characteristics of all cells?
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they are enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials, every cell uses DNA as its genetic info,
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2 types of cells
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eukaryote, prokaryote
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prokayote
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bacteria and archaea, has no nucleus just DNA, they lack organelles in eukaryote, divided by internal membranes
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largest organelle in eukaryote?
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nucleus, all other organelles are located in the cytoplasm
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where is almost all of the cells DNA
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chromosomes
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trace elements
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elements that are only required in small amounts
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atomic number
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number of protons
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number of neutrons
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equals atomic mass minus atomic number
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Cohesion
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How the hydrogen bonds hold the substance together
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Adhesion
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The clinging of one substance to another
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Surface Tension
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a measure of how difficult it is to break or stretch the surface of a liquid
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Temperature
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A measure of heat intensity that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules regardless of volume
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A Calorie
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the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperate of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celcius
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Specific Heat
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The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of that substance to change its temperate by 1 degree
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hydration shell
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sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
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Acids and Bases
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Acids donate hydrogens and bases accept hydrogens
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Buffers
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Substances that minimize changes of concentrations of H and OH in a solution
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Acid Precipitation
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Rain, Snow, Fog with a pH less than 2
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Many mamals control their body temperature by sweating, which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower temperature
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Absoption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds
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What bonds are broken when water vaporizes are
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hydrogen bonds
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what is a hydrophobic material
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scared of water
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4 Types of Bonds
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○ Glycosidic: Carbohydrates
○ Ester: Triglycerides ○ Peptide: Proteins between amino acids Phosphodiester: DNA, mRNA |
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3 states of water and their bonds
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Solid: Bonds are long
Liquid: Bonds are short Gas:Hydrogen Bonds are broken |
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Properties and Functions of water
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Form Chemical bonds: Condensation
Break Chemical Bonds: Hydrolysis Transport Molecules and substances High Heat Carrying Capacity |
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6 functional Groups
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• Carbon "Backbone of Life"
• Hydrogen • Oxygen • Nitrogen • Phosphorus • Sulfur |
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macro molecules are?
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Building Blocks
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Monomer vs Polymer
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one subunit
Many subunits stuck together |
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before being abosrbed into the blood, polymers must be broken into?
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Monomers
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3 Types of lipids
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Triglycerides
Phospholipids Sterols |
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Triglycerides
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Monomer-glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid chain
Polymer-triglycerides-ester bond |
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Function of Triglycerides
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ATP
Insulation Protection Digest Sugars |
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Phospholipids Monomer and Polymer
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Monomer-Glycerol, phosphate, 3 fatty acid chain
Polymer-Cell membrane |
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Hydrophobic vs hydrophilic
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Water Fearing
Water Loving |
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Functions of Phospholipids
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All cell membranes, animals, plants, bacteria, organelles
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Sterols: Cholesterol: Monomer and Polymer
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Monomer- Glucose, Galactose, Fructose, Ribose, Ribulose->Produce ATP
Polymer-Disaccharides, Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose |
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Functions of Sterols:Cholesterol
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Sex Hormones, Cell membrane to prevent freezing
Vitamin D producer, Bile Producer |
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Functions of Enzymes
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Make Chemical Bonds and Break Chemical Bonds
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Functions of the Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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Produce lipids and fats
Detoxification Produce milk |
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water: formation of bond
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condensation
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water: hydrolysis
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break bonds
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hydrogen bonds
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absorb heat then transports it
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properties/functions of water
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form bonds, break bonds, transport molecules, high heat carrying capacity, cooling (sweat), pH, lubrication, cushion
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osmosis
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movement of water from area of low concentration to high concentration
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what happens if objects are too big and cant get through cell membrane
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water moves from inside to outside of cell to dilute solution of larger objects to equilize pressure
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isotonic environment
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equal concentration on inside and outside of cell
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hypotonic
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low concentration outside of cell high concentration inside of cell so water flows into the cell
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hypertonic
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high concentration outside of cell and low concentration inside of cell so water flows outside of cell
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turgor pressure
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the pressure on cell wall to make it keep its shape and make the plant stand up
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Endocytosis
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Active transport because the cell has to do a shape change
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phagocytosis
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eating, chite blood cells eat things to protect us
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Receptor
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mediates endocytosis of what needs to come in
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Exocytosis
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Things leave, secretory protein
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turgid
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the plant is so full of water that it stands upright
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osmolarity
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the concentration of the high concentration thats forcing the water to move to it
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lysis
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when a cell bursts because too much water rushes in it
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crenate
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when it is hypertonic and the cell scruntches because of all the water rushing out
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plasmolysis
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when there isnt enough turgor pressure and the plant wilts
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4 macromolecules
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lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids
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3 categories of carbohydrates and examples
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monosaccharides (simple sugar), disaccharide (lactose) and polysaccharide (starch)
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purpose of carbohydrates
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gives us energy
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3 categories of lipids
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fats, phosopholipids, and steroids
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purpose of lipids
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energy and makes up cell membranes, stores energy
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2 categories of protein
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amino acids and polypeptide (many amino acids)
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2 categories of nucleic acids
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DNA and RNA
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how many essential amino acids can you only get from food?
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8
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what is the difference between the plant cell organelles and animal cells?
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plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and bigger vacuoles
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what do polymers have to be broken down into before they can be used in cells?
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monomers
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monomer
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glycerol
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polymer
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triglyceride
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functions of triglycerides
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ATP energy, insulation and protection
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hydrophobic
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water hating
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hydrophilic
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water loving
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cholesterol function
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sex hormones, cell membrane to prevent freezing,
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alpha
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starch
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beta
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cellulose
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primary structural level
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polypeptide chain
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secondary structural level
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helix and sheet
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benedicts
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simple sugars turns green/brown
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iodine test
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starch turns black
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sudan IV
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lipids turns red on the lipid layer
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biuret
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proteins turns violet
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grease spot
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lipids
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why does cholsterol prevent freezing?
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because it is in the cell membrane
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what is the function of enzymes?
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to make or break bonds and speeding up the process
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where is pepsinogen?
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in stomach, it has to be activated by HCl
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What are the properties of enzymes?
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catalytic protein, activation energy curve, specific pH
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what would happen if there were no enzymes?
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you would not be able to live because the make and break of bonds would take place so slow that you would die
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do red blood cells have a nucleus?
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no
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what does the smooth ER produce?
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lipids, fats and detoxifies the cell
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lysosome
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digestive organelle
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cytoplasm
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the stuff around the organelles
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cell membrane
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make of phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins are embedded in cell membrane
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ribosomes
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free and attached, read mRNA
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mitochondria
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powerhouse, energy production from monosaccharides
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storage granules
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stores glycogen and amino acids
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cytoskeleton
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gives the cell its shape, in the cell membrane
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centrioles
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latches onto chromosome and breaks it apart for meiosis and mitosis
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cilia
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provides protection, on the surface of the cell, increases surface are for absorption
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flagella
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a single hair that is longer than the cell and it is only on unicellular and it propels around so they can move
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energy requirements: ATP animals plants and bacteria
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ATP is used for cellular work, animals use glucose and triglycerides, plants use sunlight photosynthesis, bacteria uses sugars
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glycosidic bonds
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carbohydrates
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ester bonds
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lipids and triglycerides`
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peptide bonds
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proteins between amino acids
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phosphodyester bonds
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DNA and mRNA
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phagocytosis
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sudo arms reaches out of cell and engulfs an object and brings it into the cell
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phinocytosis
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the cell membrane invaginates and creates a crater for liquid to go into then engulfs it and brings it into the cell
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receptor mediated endocytosis
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there are receptors on the membrane and they are specific for something to fit inside them to go into the cell, it then invaginates and brings it into the cell
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exocytosis
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for something to exit the cell, secretory vescicle and secretory protein
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secretory vescicle
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for proteins that are meant to go outside of the cell
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phospholipids are for...
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all cell membranes
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golgi aparatus
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UPS...packages and sends proteins out
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simple and passive diffusion
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use no energy, doesnt need help to move in and out of cell ex)water
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facilitated diffusion
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channels for stuff that pass through membrane, the cell has control to close those channels, uses a little energy
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active transport
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uses lots of energy, grabs a macromolecule or protein and physically forces it across the membrane, a protein binds to something and forces it through the membrane
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what are the 7 functional groups
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carboxyl, carbonyl, methyl, amine, hydroxyl, phosphate, sulfhydryl
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carbonyl
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CO, ketones and aldehydes, ex) sugars, glucose
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phosphate group
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glycerol phosphate, what ATP is made of
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sulfhydryl
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SH, ex) sistene: makes you have straight hair
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hydroxyl
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OH, alcohol ex) ethanol
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methyl
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CH3, used for signaling
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amine
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NH2, 3 or 4, protein and glysine
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carboxyl
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COOH, carboxcylic acid ex) vinegar
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