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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biology
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study of life
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All living things are...
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Organized
Require Energy Maintain Regulation (Homeostasis) Adapt Respond to their Environment Grow and Develop Reproduce |
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All living things are organized. How?
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Levels
Chemical - C, H2, N2, O2 + 45 others Vitamins Atoms Compounds - salts NaCl Molecules - DNA RNA Cells - 10^7 trillion cells Tissue - organs Organ systems Organism |
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What are important chemicals required for life?
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C, H2, N2, O2, + 45 others
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How many cells in body?
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10^7 trillion
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What are some organ systems?
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Digestive system, circulating, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, endocrine, CNS, muscular, bone skin, skeletal,etc...
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ATP
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cellular work
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What is energy for animals?
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glucose, triglycerides --> ATP
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What is energy for plants?
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photosynthesis --> ATP + food
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What is energy for bacteria?
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Sugars --> ATP
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How do you maintain regulation?
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Homeostasis (balance)
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How do we adapt?
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Evolution, survival in your environment
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Examples of how we respond to environment
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plant turn to sunlight, nerves, flagella, cilia, etc...
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What is the word for grow and develop in terms of the cell?
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Mitosis (when cells divide)
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How do animals reproduce?
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Egg + Sperm
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How do plants reproduce?
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egg + sperm + pollen
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How do bacteria reproduce?
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Binary Fussion
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Name the 4 types of chemical bonds
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covalent, ionic, hydrogen, double
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Polar Covalent
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non-equal sharing of electrons
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Non-polar covalent
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equal sharing of electrons
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Ionic
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donating electron
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hydrogen bond
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interaction (not true bond)
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What bonds form carbohydrates?
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glycosidic
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What bonds do triglycerides make?
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Ester
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What bonds do proteins make
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Peptide
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What bonds do DNA and mRNA make/
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Phosphodiester
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Cell are ___% water
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70%
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How are the 3 phases of water determined?
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by Hydrogen bonding
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Gaseous water is when the ___ are broken
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H-Bonds
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How is frost bite caused?
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Water freezes inside of a cell and the cell breaks
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What are the 8 properties of water?
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form bonds, break bonds, transplant molecules, carry heat in high capacities, cooling, pH, Lubrication, Cushion
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What is forming bonds called?
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Condensation
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What is breaking bonds called?
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Hydrolysis
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What is the transport system called that water uses to transplant molecules?
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hydration shell
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how does water help with cooling
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Sweat (zinc, salt)
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How is water used for lubrication?
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joints, eyes
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What does water cushion?
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spinal chord, amniotic fluid
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Osmosis
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Water moving
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Water can ___ equilibrium
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help
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Isotonic
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equal concentration of water moving in and out of cells
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hypotonic. water moves ____ cell.
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high concentration in cell, low concentration outside. inside. Cell could blow up
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hypertonic. water moves ____ of cell.
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low concentration inside, high concentration outside. water goes out of cell. Cell could collapse.
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Carbon is the ____ of life.
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Backbone
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What are other important elements for life?
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H, O, N, P, S + other elements.
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Saturated Fatty Acid
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0 double bonds
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Mon-Unsaturated fatty acid
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1 double C bond
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polyunsaturated fatty acid
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2+ double C bonds
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What are the 7 functional groups?
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Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate, methyl
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Hydroxyl -OH
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Compound name: Alcohol
Functional properties: *polar as a result of the elctronegative oxygen atom. *attracts water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars. |
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Carbonyl >CO
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Name of compound:
Ketones: if within crabon skeleton Aldehydes: if at end of carbon skeleton Function: *ketone and aldehyde may be different structural isomers with different properties. *Found in sugars, aldoses and ketoses |
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Carboxyl --COOH
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Name: Carboxylic acids/organic acids
Function: *acidic properties (H ions) because covalent bond between oxygen and H is so polar. *In cells, found in the ionic form. (carboxylate) |
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Amino --NH2
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Name: Amines
Function: *Acts as a base, can pick up H+ from surrounding solution. *Ionized , charge +1 under cellular conditions |
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Sulfhydryl --SH
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Name:
Thiols Function: *two sulfhydryl groups can interact (cross-linking) to help stabilize protein structure. *cross-linking of cysteines in hair proteins maintains the lurliness or straightness of hair. |
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Phosphate --OPO3 2-
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Name:
Organic phosphates Function: *Makes the molecule of which it is a part an anion. -2 if at end of molecule, -1 when located internally in chain of phosphates *Can transfer energy between 2 organic molecules. react with water releasing energy. |
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ATP
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Adenosine triphosphate
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Methyl --CH3
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Name: Methylated compounds
Function: *Addition of methyl to DNA, or molecules bound to DNA, affects expression of genes * Arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affeccts their shape and function |
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Macromolecules
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"Building Blocks" large molecules
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Make bonds
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Condensation reaction (dehydration)
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break bonds
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hydrolysis
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Monomer
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one unit. building blocks of a polymer
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Polymer
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many unit. chain-like molecules, consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
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Carbohydrates (CHO)
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Sugars and polymers of sugars.
MONOMER: Monosaccharides POLYMER: Disaccharides, Polysaccharides BOND: Glycosidic |
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Monosaccharides
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Glucose (ATP)
Galactose (ATP) Fructose (ATP) Ribose (DNA/RNA) Ribulose (Photosynthesis) |
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Disaccharides
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Sucrose
Lactose Maltose |
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Polysaccharides
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1) 1-4 alpha Linkage: Starch
2) 1-4 beta linkage: Cellulose 3) Glycogen |
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Plants store...
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starch
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animals store
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glycogen
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cellulose
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major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells.
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3 types of Lipids?
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Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Sterols
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Triglycerides. What is tis monomer, polymer, bond type?
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MONOMER: Glycerol
3 Fatty Acid Chain BOND: Ester (condensation rxn) |
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Examples of Triglycerides
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Butter, oil, layer of fat on meat, fat...
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Subcutaneous fat
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Triglyceride: Needed for abdominal muscle layer
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Visceral fat
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Triglyceride: Interferes with pancreas, leads to health problems.
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Leptide
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Controls breakdown of triglycerides
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Triglyceride Functions
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ATP Energy
Insulation Protection Digest Carbohydrates - sugars |
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Phospholipid. Monomer, polymer, Bond?
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MONOMER: Glycerol, phosphate, 2 fatty accid chains
POLYMER: Cell membranes |
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Hydrophilic
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doesn't dissolve in H2O
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Hydrophobic
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water loving
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Sterols
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(ie Cholesterol)
Ring-shaped C with functional group |
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Cholesterol functions are...
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sex hormones (synthesized)
cell membrane - prevents freezing Vit. D precursor Bile Precursor |
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Proteins. Elements, Monomers, polymer, bond?
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made up of C H O N.
MONOMER: Amino Acid POLYMER: Polypeptide BOND: Peptide |
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there are __ amino acids that make up _____
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20, proteins
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What is true about proteins?
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"Shape Dictates Function"
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What are the 4 structural levels of protein?
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Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
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Secondary
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alpha helix (hair)
beta sheet (connective tissue) |
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Tertiary
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3D
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Quaternary
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Combination (Hemoglobin)
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What denatures proteins?
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Heat, Acid, Genetics
ie: raw egg/cook egg, sickel-cell hemoglobin, prions |
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Nucleic Acid. Monomer, Polymer, bond?
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MONOMER: Nucleotide (nitrogenous base), condensation rxn
POLYMER: DNA, mRNA |
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DNA is ___ stranded
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double
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RNA is ____ stranded
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single
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Enzyme
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A specific protein: ____ + ase.
speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers. Acts as a catalyst. |
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Catalyst
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chemical agent that speeds up a rxn without being consumed by the rxn.
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sucrase breaks _____
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sucrose
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Substrate ---->
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Product
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How is a product made from a substrate?
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Enzyme, active site, some co-enzyme, product
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What are the function of an enzyme?
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make and break chemical bonds
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What are the 3 properties of enzyme?
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1) catalytic protein: speed things up
2) activating energy curve 3) Specific pH |
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Our enzymes operate better at ____ temp.
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Higher
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Macromolecules rely on _____
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enzymes
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Describe enzyme "Supply and Demand"
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Enzymes are made when you need them
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Enzymes are ....
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pH dependent
temp. dependent inhibitors feedback system competitive non-competitive (still have product but space won't match) |
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Different enzymes break down product in ________
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stages!
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Organelles
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membrane-bound structures
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Endomembrane system/Protein Synthsis consists of:
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nucleus, nuclear membrane, RER, SER, Transport vesicle, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicle, lysosomes, cell membrane
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Nucleus
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DNA
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Nuclear Membrane
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Nuclear pore complex
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Nucleolus contains
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mRNA, Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
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double membrane system (has ribosomes inserted), then makes polypeptide chain
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Transport Vesicle
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Transport polypeptide chain to golgi apparatus
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Golgi Apparatus
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Polypeptide cahin fuses with golgi, folding of polypeptide chain ("Packing and Processing")
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Secretory Vesicles
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protein goes here if it needs to be secreted
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Lysosomes
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Lytic Enzymes:
Eternal organelle, autodigest (eats cells) Digestive organelle, break down bacteria |
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Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
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Double membrane system (no ribosomes) detoxify
Produces lipids produces vitamins (esp. fat soluble) |
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Cytoplasm
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storage site, movement, 70% water
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cell membrane
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made of phopholipids
allows things to enter (enzymatic proteins, recognition proteins, anchor proteins between cells so can work as unit Is a selective barrier |
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Ribosomes (free and attached)
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Latch onto messenger RNA to produce polypeptide chain based on info collected from DNA
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mitochondria
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Powerhouse
Energy production ATP |
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Storage granules
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store glucose molecules as glycogen
store starch in plants |
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Centrioles
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work w/ chromosomes and pull them apart
ONLY WHEN CELL IS GOING THRU CYCLE |
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cilia
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protein structure grows off surface of cell.
provides protection captures dust, particles, etc... |
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flagella
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protein structure growth. Sperm.
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What are the 3 methods of transport through cell membrane
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simple/passive diffusion
facilitated diffusion active transport |
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simple/passive difussion
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move thru cell membrane easily
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facilitated diffussion
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enzyme helps molecule go thru cell membrane
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active transport
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energy + enzyme to go thru cell membrane
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Endocytosis
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Phagocytosis - to eat
pinocytosis - to drink, way to balance self out receptor-mediated endocytosis - viruses enter cell |
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exocytosis
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Exocytosis is a cellular process where cells eject waste products or chemical transmitters (such as hormones) from the interior of the cell.
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