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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
True or False
One difference between the theories of evolution proposed by Wallace and Darwin is that Wallace believed that organisms mutate under unfavorable conditions to become better adapted |
False.
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True or False
Type 2 diabetes is an example of yesterday’s genes in today’s environment |
True
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True or False
Homologous pairs of chromosomes frequently contain different alleles |
True.
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True or False
The global hydrologic cycle supports a net flow of atmospheric water vapor from the oceans to land |
True.
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True or False
The maintenance of the cystic fibrosis allele in today’s humans may be due to increased resistance to typhoid fever in the past for people heterozygous for the normal and the disease allele. |
True.
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True or False
One reason why Old World diseases had such a devastating effect on New World populations was because of the history of large, dense populations in the Old World |
True.
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True or False
If rice gamete cells contain 12 chromosomes, then rice diploid cells will have 6 chromosomes. |
False.
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True or False
To be successful in evolutionary terms, an organism must survive longer than other members of the population |
False.
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True or False
Assimilation of atmospheric CO2 by plant photosynthesis is not a key part of the carbon cycle |
False.
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True or False
Bacteria are especially important in making phosphorus available to plants |
False.
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True or False
A typical result when a diploid cell undergoes meiosis is four haploid cells. |
True.
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True or False
The population of medium ground finches on Daphne Major shows very little variation in beak dimensions. |
False.
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True or False
A silent substitution mutation occurs when the changed DNA sequence codes for the same amino acid as the original sequence |
True.
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True or False
Plants can take in and use atmospheric nitrogen through their leaves |
False.
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True or False
The average global temperature is relatively high because carbon dioxide and other gases trap the longer wavelengths of infrared light (heat) and prevent them from radiating back into space. |
True.
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True or False
Over oceans, evaporation exceeds precipitation |
True
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True or False
During anaphase II sister chromatids separate and migrate toward opposite poles |
True
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True or False
Asexual reproduction is by far the most common form of reproduction in the animal kingdom. |
False.
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True or False
The Red Queen hypothesis of the evolution of sex maintains that sex is advantageous in a biotic environment that is constantly changing due to the presence of predators and pathogens. |
True.
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True or False
Eutrophication (excessive algal growth resulting in decreased concentrations of dissolved O2) in lakes is frequently the direct result of nitrate and phosphate runoffs from land |
True.
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The ultimate source of all genetic variation is
a. mutation b. the environment c. sexual recombination d. genetic drift e. natural selection |
a. mutation
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2. Why is crossing over important?
a. It ensures that homologous chromosomes pair b. It prevents variation in gametes c. It is necessary for the attachment of chromosomes to the spindle d. It allows the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes e. It holds bivalents together |
d. It allows the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes
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Natural selection primarily favors
a. genotypes b. heterozygotes c. phenotypes d. homozygotes e. mutations |
c. phenotypes
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Synapsis occurs during
a. anaphase I b. prophase II c. cytokinesis d. metaphase I e. prophase I |
e. prophase I
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The phosphorus cycle lacks a(n) _____ component.
a. mineral b. organic c. aquatic d. atmospheric e. organic |
d. atmospheric
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An explanation for seemingly dissimilar organisms, such as hummingbirds, humans, and whales, having similar skeletal structures is that
a. most evolution occurs rapidly following a mass extinction b. dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant, common ancestor c. only the best-adapted organisms can survive d. advantageous changes can be passed along to offspring e. they all fill similar niches and have similar selective pressures |
b. dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant, common ancestor
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The reason that insecticides introduced 30 years ago kill fewer insects now than in the past is that
a. many insects today are descendants of insects with insecticide-resistant characteristics b. insects are deliberately adapting themselves to this man-made change in the environment c. the original spraying has caused a permanent mutation, giving the insects genetic resistance to the spray d. insects have learned to avoid areas that are sprayed by humans e. insects that survive spraying develop an immunity to the insecticide |
a. many insects today are descendants of insects with insecticide-resistant characteristics
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If a hurricane hit a small island, leaving only a tiny group of lizards that then spread out over the island, this would be an example of the
a. bottleneck effect b. gene flow c. mutation d. founder effect e. nonrandom mating |
a. bottleneck effect
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Which of the following changes in the gene pool results in an adaptation to the environment?
a. genetic drift b. gene flow c. nonrandom mating d. natural selection e. mutation |
d. natural selection
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It was important that Mendel chose true-breeding varieties for his experiments because
a. true-breeding varieties are not heterozygous for the trait of interest b. true-breeding varieties are more vigorous c. true-breeding varieties are not homozygous for the trait of interest d. true-breeding varieties are easier to cross-pollinate e. true-breeding varieties are heterozygous for the trait of interest |
a. true-breeding varieties are not heterozygous for the trait of interest
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Which of the following is NOT a way that humans alter the carbon cycle
a. deforestation b. burning of fossil fuels c. draining of wetlands d. cultivation of leguminous crops e. manufacture of cement |
d. cultivation of leguminous crops
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In a cross between two heterozygotes (Aa), the next generation will be
a. in the ratio 1:3 homozygotes to heterozygotes b. in the ratio 1:3 heterozygotes to homozygotes c. all heterozygotes d. all homozygotes e. in the ratio 1:1 homozygotes to heterozygotes |
e. in the ratio 1:1 homozygotes to heterozygotes
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Which of the following is NOT a way that humans alter the nitrogen cycle
a. manufacture of fertilizers b. cultivation of rice c. burning of fossil fuels d. land clearing for crops e. manufacture of chlorofluorocarbons |
e. manufacture of chlorofluorocarbons
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During droughts on Daphne Major in the Galapagos, the medium ground finch
a. increases in population size b. undergoes directional selection for larger beaks c. undergoes directional selection for smaller beaks d. feeds primarily on small, soft seeds e. shows no relationship between parent beak size and offspring beak size |
b. undergoes directional selection for larger beaks
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One evolutionary puzzle for biologists is the evolution of sex. Sexual reproduction, when compared to asexual reproduction has several costs, including
a. the rapid production of identical copies of parental genotypes b. fewer resources are needed to maintain and produce sex organs c. the cost of producing males, which involves transferring only ½ of a parent’s genes to each offspring d. the production of variable offspring in variable environments e. a mechanism, in meiosis for the repair of DNA damage |
c. the cost of producing males, which involves transferring only ½ of a parent’s genes to each offspring
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Crossing over occurs during
a. prophase II b. prophase I c. metaphase I d. cytokinesis e. metaphase II |
b. prophase I
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Flower color in snapdragons is an example of incomplete dominance. If a red-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant, the F1 generation has pink flowers. If a pink-flowered plant is crossed with a pink-flowered plant, the progeny plants will be
a. 100% red b. 25% red, 50% pink, and 25% white c. 100% pink d. 25% white and 75% red e. 50% pink and 50% red |
b. 25% red, 50% pink, and 25% white
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Pathogens must do two things to be successful, reproduce and disperse to new hosts. A pathogen may be highly virulent if
a. it has a reliable means of transmission b. it has a high rate of reproduction and poor transmission c. it is transmitted directly from host to host d. it cannot survive outside of the host’s body e. it has a low rate of mutation |
a. it has a reliable means of transmission
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Sickle-cell disease can be inherited even if neither parent has the disease. This is because the disease
a. occurs only in polyploid individuals b. is caused by a recessive allele c. is caused by a dominant allele d. requires certain environmental conditions to be expressed e. occurs only in individuals who are already weak from other causes |
b. is caused by a recessive allele
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The parasite hypothesis of female choice states that females are choosing males that advertise their ability to resist diseases. Support for this hypothesis is seen in
a. the coloration of male guppies, which becomes more subdued in the presence of predators b. pheasants, where male spur size, histocompatibility genes and offspring fitness are all positively correlated with each other c. the attraction of females to the loudest or brightest colored male d. the occurrence of cryptic female choice mechanisms, such as differential pollen tube growth in the styles of flowers e. white-tailed deer, where antler size is positively related to the disease load of a buck |
b. pheasants, where male spur size, histocompatibility genes and offspring fitness are all positively correlated with each other
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homologous chromosomes
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two chromosomes in a nucleus that carry genes for the same traits in the same loci
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population
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the smallest unit that can evolve
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epistasis
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one gene pair will interact to control the expression of a second gene pair
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adaptations
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Traits that enhance an individual's ability to compete for limited resources
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stabilizing selection
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selection that favors intermediates in the distribution of traits in a population
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directional selection
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selection that favors one end of the distribution of traits in a population
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diversifying selection
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selection that favors opposite ends of the distribution of traits in a population
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artificial selection
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selection by humans for desirable traits in an organism
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sexual selection
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selection for traits that increase mating success
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tetrads
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a paired set of homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids
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chromatids
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a chromosome and its replicated copy formed prior to mitosis or meiosis
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synapsis
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the pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during meiosis
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genotype
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the combination of alleles in an individual for a gene
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chiasmata
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Regions of chromosomes where nonsister chromatids cross over
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phenotype
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the physical and physiological traits of an organism
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alleles
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alternative forms of a gene
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pleiotropy
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A single genetic locus that controls more than one trait
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gene pool
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all the individual alleles in a population for a given locus
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polyploidy
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a multiplying of the diploid number of chromosomes
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anisogamy
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the occurrence of two different sized gametes in the sexes
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