Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
222 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the three body shapes of a prokaryotic cell?
|
spherical, rod-shaped, spiral
|
|
|
Prokaryotes have no what?
|
nucleuos or organelles
|
|
|
What do all prokaryotic cells have? What do some prokaryotic cells have?
|
cell wall; flagella or pili
|
|
|
How are prokarytic cells metabolically diverse?
|
they can be the can photoautotrophic, photoheterotrophic, chemoheterotrophic or chemoautotrophic
|
|
|
How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?
|
prokaryotic fission
|
|
|
What is the energy source and carbon source of photoautotrophics?
|
sunlight; carbon dioxide
|
|
|
What is the energy source and carbon soure of chemoautotrophs?
|
inorganic substances; carbon dioxide
|
|
|
What is the energy source and carbon source of chemoheterotrophs?
|
organic compounds; organic compounds
|
|
|
What is a photoautotroph?
|
prokarytic cell that makes its own sugars
|
|
|
What is a chemoautotroph?
|
a prokaryotic cell thats uses simple inorganic substances
|
|
|
What is a chemoheterotroph?
|
a prokaryotic cell that gets its nutrition from organic matter
|
|
|
How many chromosomes does a prokarotic cell have?
|
1
|
|
|
What is cyanobacteria?
|
bacteria that is photoautotrophic
|
|
|
Which bacteria is symbitic in legume roots?
|
nitrogen fixing bacteria
|
|
|
What sort of bacteria affect or health?
|
pathogenic bacteria
|
|
|
What is the thrid domain?
|
the distinct group between bacteria and eukaryotes; archeas
|
|
|
What are methagens?
|
mathane-makers (archea)
|
|
|
What are the halophiles?
|
salt-lovers (archea)
|
|
|
What are the thermophiles?
|
heat-lovers (archea)
|
|
|
What is the nucleic acid core?
|
(DNA or RNA) in regards to viruses
|
|
|
What is tyhe nucleic acid core of a virus surrounded by?
|
a protein coat
|
|
|
How does a virus reproduce?
|
by causing the host cell to produce new viral particles
|
|
|
What are bacteriphages?
|
viruses that infect bacteria cells
|
|
|
What are bacteriophages used for?
|
genetic engineering research
|
|
|
What are 4 examples of animal/human viruses?
|
influenza, chickenpox, common cold, HIV
|
|
|
What are the two ways that viruses multiply?
|
lytic and lysonegenic
|
|
|
what are the 5 steps to the viral lytic passageway?
|
attachment, penetration, replication and synthesis, assembly, release
|
|
|
What is the lysogenic pathway?
|
the virus remains inactive whithin the host cell
|
|
|
what is the smallest pathogen?
|
viroid
|
|
|
What is a naked piece of RNA that causes mainly plant diseases?
|
viroid
|
|
|
What are misfolded proteins that can affect normal proteins in the nervous system?
|
prion
|
|
|
What is an example of a prion?
|
mad cow disease
|
|
|
What are compounds that kill bacteria?
|
antibiotics
|
|
|
What is the first antibiotic?
|
penicillion
|
|
|
What is made from blue-green mold?
|
penicillion
|
|
|
What is the problem with antiviral drugs?
|
they are always losing their effectiveness
|
|
|
What do eukaryotes have?
|
nucleous, usual organelles, and chromosomes
|
|
|
How do eukaryotes reproduce?
|
meiosis or mitosis or both
|
|
|
What is a single-celled heterotroph with a flagella?
|
flagellated protozoans
|
|
|
what ancient flagellte causes severe diaherra?
|
giardia
|
|
|
what ancient flagellate causes damage to the urinary and reproductive tracts?
|
trichomonas vaginalis
|
|
|
what ancient flagellete causes african sleeping sickness?
|
trypansoma
|
|
|
What are free-living, flagellated, photoautotrophic cell common in freshwater known as?
|
euglenoids
|
|
|
Where are euglenoids most common?
|
fresh water
|
|
|
what two things do euglenoids have?
|
chlorphyll and an eyespot
|
|
|
Whwre are shelled amoebas found?
|
in the water (ocean)
|
|
|
foraminiferans have a shell of what?
|
calcium carbonate
|
|
|
Radiolarians have a shell of what?
|
glass (silica)
|
|
|
alveolates have a tiny sac where?
|
just under the plasma membrane
|
|
|
what is special about the numerous cilia of a ciliated protozoan?
|
they beat in synchrony
|
|
|
In a ciliated protozoan, what does the mouth connect to?
|
the food vacuole
|
|
|
In a ciliated protozoan, what do the contractile vacuoles do?
|
they pump out excess water
|
|
|
What is a paramecium and example of?
|
a ciliated protozoan
|
|
|
ciliated protozoans two nuclei are known as what?
|
the micronucluos and the macronucleous
|
|
|
how do ciliated protozoans reproduce?
|
asexually; but they can exchange genetic information
|
|
|
What is a single photsynthetic cell w/ 2 flagella located in grooves?
|
dinoflagellate
|
|
|
what is bioluminescent?
|
dinoflagellates
|
|
|
what can cause red tide?
|
dinoflagellates
|
|
|
what is a neurotoxin deadly to humans and other organisms?
|
red tide
|
|
|
what are parsitic protistians that penetrate the cells of host species?
|
apiomplexans
|
|
|
what is caused by plasmodium?
|
malaria
|
|
|
what is ablood disease cauising bouts of chills and fever?
|
malaria
|
|
|
what disease can be treated by drugs and mosquito control?
|
malaria
|
|
|
What single-celled stramenophiles inckudes water molds, dowy mildews and white rusts?
|
oomycotes
|
|
|
what single-celled stramenophile has no chrophyll and resembles fungi in absorption of nutrients through filaments?
|
omnicotes
|
|
|
What single celled stramenophiles are sometiumes parsitic on fish and plants?
|
omnicotes
|
|
|
what single-celled stramenophiles have a two-part perforated shell made of silica?
|
diatoms
|
|
|
what single-celled stramenophiles live in slat water, fresh and damp soils?
|
diatoms
|
|
|
what single celled stramenophile's shelles have piled up on the ocean floor over millions of years to form deposits of diatomaceous earth?
|
diatoms
|
|
|
what single-celles stramenophiles silica shells are valuable as abrasives and filtering materials?
|
diatomes
|
|
|
which single celled sstramenophile shave plates of calcium carbonate?
|
coccolithophores
|
|
|
1500 species of brown seaweed fall into waht group?
|
brown algae
|
|
|
what algae has leaflike blades, stemlike stipe, rootlike holdfast and gas filled bladders?
|
brown algae
|
|
|
what is used as a thikening agent in foods, cosmetics, and water-based paints?
|
algin
|
|
|
what algae has the same pigments as plants, cellulose in cell walls, and store carbohydrates as starch?
|
green algae
|
|
|
which green algaes can be freashwater or marine, sheetlike, filamentous, colonial or seaweed?
|
chrophytes
|
|
|
chlorophytes are either single celled or live as symbionets with fungi to form what?
|
lichens
|
|
|
desmids and chara make up what group?
|
charophytes
|
|
|
the 4000 species of red seaweed belong whithin what algae group?
|
red agae
|
|
|
what algae live in warm marine waters at great depths?
|
red algae
|
|
|
some forms of what can ais in reef building?
|
red algae
|
|
|
what kind of algae produce algar?
|
red algae
|
|
|
what is a gelling material used in medical research?
|
algar
|
|
|
what amoboid cell causes amoebic desentery?
|
entamoeba
|
|
|
what is heretrpohic, free-living anf an amoeba-like protitians?
|
slime molds
|
|
|
What creep along the ground engufing food particles?
|
slime molds
|
|
|
what amoboid cell produces spore-bearing fruiting bodies?
|
slime molds
|
|
|
what gave rise to plants?
|
algae
|
|
|
the life cycle of the algae is dominated by what phase?
|
haploid gametophyte phase (only one set of chromosomes)
|
|
|
the life cycle of land plants is dominated by what phase?
|
diploid sporophyte
|
|
|
cells whithin the sprophyte of a land plant undergo meiosis to give rise to what?
|
haploid spores
|
|
|
the spore of a land plant develops into what?
|
a gametophyte
|
|
|
what produces the eggs and spermm of the land plants?
|
the gametophyte formed by the spore
|
|
|
what two things make up the vascular tissue pof a land plant?
|
xylem and pholem
|
|
|
what are the stems and leaves of a land plant covered by?
|
cuticle
|
|
|
In land plants, evaoporation is controlled by what?
|
the stomata
|
|
|
spores of algae and simple vascular plants come in how many kinds?
|
1
|
|
|
in gymnosperms and flowering plants spores come in how many sizes?
|
2
|
|
|
which spore matures into the male gametophyte?
|
the microspore
|
|
|
which spore produces the female gametophyte and produces seeds?
|
megaspore
|
|
|
What is significant about byrophyte?
|
they have no vascular tissue
|
|
|
mosses, liverowrts, and hornworts are considered what?
|
bryophytes
|
|
|
what do bryophtes have instead of roots?
|
rhizoids
|
|
|
what is the most common bryophte?
|
moss
|
|
|
why arer the seedless vascular plants so low to the ground?
|
b/c they have swimming sperm
|
|
|
What are aerial leaves called?
|
fronds
|
|
|
what is a cluster of spore cases on the lower side of the frond called?
|
sori
|
|
|
club mosses, spike mosses, whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns are all what?
|
seedless vascular plants
|
|
|
what seedless vascular plant has rhizomes and fronds?
|
ferns
|
|
|
vast forests of lycophyte and horsetail trees existed in what type of swamps?
|
carboniferous
|
|
|
what are plants w/ naked seeds referred to as?
|
gymnosperms
|
|
|
what are cone-bearing woody plants with needlelike or scalelike leaves?
|
conifers
|
|
|
what are palmlike woody plants?
|
cycads
|
|
|
what kind of gynosperms is mainly confined to the tropics and and bears cone-shaped strobili that produce either pollen or seeds
|
cycads
|
|
|
what gymnosperm has deciduous fan-shaped leaves and is resistanat to insects disease and air pollution
|
gingko
|
|
|
gnetophystes are gymnosperms that produce what weight loss supplement?
|
ephedra
|
|
|
Male cones produce what?
|
pollen
|
|
|
female cones produce what?
|
seeds
|
|
|
conifers are wind pollinated and how long does it take for fertilization?
|
up to a year
|
|
|
what is special about the seeds of a female cone?
|
they are winged
|
|
|
what are angiosperms known as?
|
flowering planst
|
|
|
vascular seed plants are the plants that make what?
|
flowers
|
|
|
magnoliids, eudicots and monocots are the three major groups of what?
|
angiosperms
|
|
|
angiosperms such as mangnolias, avocados, nutmeg and black pepper are known as what?
|
magnoliids
|
|
|
angiosperms such as grasses lilies and cereal grains are known as what?
|
monocots
|
|
|
Seeds form where?
|
in the ovary
|
|
|
in angiosperms where does the seed mature?
|
whithin fruit
|
|
|
most fungi ar considered saprobes, which mean what?
|
they get their nutrition from nonliving matter
|
|
|
All what rely on extracellular enzymatic digestion and absorption
|
fungi
|
|
|
what ways do fungi reproduce?
|
sexually and asexually
|
|
|
what kind of reproduction involves the formation of gametes as well as spores?
|
sexual reproduction
|
|
|
what sort of reproduction involves mostly non-sexual spores produced in sprangia?
|
aseaxual reproduction
|
|
|
spore germinate into tubular filaments known as what?
|
hyphae
|
|
|
the feeding body of the fungus, known as the mycelium is a mass of what?
|
hyphae
|
|
|
the zygote fungi usually reproduces how?
|
asexually by dust-like airborne spores (but can produce sexually)
|
|
|
the zygote fungi known as rhizopus is nuisance why?
|
it produces bread mold
|
|
|
ascomycetes are also known as?
|
sac fungi
|
|
|
what fungi is known for forming sexual sproes inside sac-shaped cells?
|
sac fungi
|
|
|
the sac fungi yeast reproduces asexually by doing what?
|
budding
|
|
|
truffles are what kind of fungi?
|
sac
|
|
|
penicillium and asperigillus are both forms of what?
|
sac fungi
|
|
|
basidiomyctes are known as what?
|
club fungi
|
|
|
what kind of fungi includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, coral fungi,puffballs, and stinkorns
|
club fungi
|
|
|
some club fungi are symbionets that live in close relation to what?
|
tree roots
|
|
|
what is produced n club-shaped gills under the mushroom cap?
|
spores
|
|
|
spores of a mushroom germinate to produce underground what?
|
mycelia
|
|
|
how do club fungi reproduce?
|
sexually
|
|
|
what deoes it mean to live closely together?
|
symbiosis
|
|
|
what is it called when an interation involves both partners benefiting?
|
mutualism
|
|
|
in the mutialistic relationship between fungi and green algae, how are both benefiting?
|
the fungus provides houseing and the algae provides food
|
|
|
crust-like, leaf-like and shrub-like are the three body forms of what?
|
lichens
|
|
|
what are lichens very sensitive to?
|
air pollution
|
|
|
what can live on bare rocks and tree trunks?
|
lichens
|
|
|
mycorrhizae is the symbiotic relationship in which fungi hyphae surround what?
|
the roots of shrubs and trees
|
|
|
mycorrihizae is a symbitix relationship between the fungus and the roots of a tree, how is it beneficial?
|
fungus provides extra SA for absorption and the tree roots feed the fungi
|
|
|
histoplasmosis, a fungus, causes what?
|
a respiratory disease
|
|
|
the fungal disease that forms on rye produces a toxic alkaloid known as what?
|
LSD
|
|
|
what is a multicelled hetertroph that injests its food?
|
an animal
|
|
|
what thing is chracterized by reproducing either sexually or asexually and is mobile for most of its life cycle?
|
an animal
|
|
|
in animals the cells stick together and interact in units known as what?
|
tissue
|
|
|
what does cephalization mean?
|
having a definite head end
|
|
|
what are the 2 different kinds of guts?
|
saclike and complete
|
|
|
what does a saclike gut include?
|
only one opening
|
|
|
what does a complete gut include?
|
2 openings (a mouth and an anus)
|
|
|
when an animal is composed of repeating body unit it is known as what?
|
segmentaition
|
|
|
what do they believe animals evolved from?
|
colonies of flagellated cells
|
|
|
sponges have two layers of body cells with what in between?
|
a semi-fluid matrix
|
|
|
collar celle line the interior of what kind of animal?
|
sponge
|
|
|
what type of animal uses skeltal spicules to deter predators
|
sponge
|
|
|
what animal is hermaphroditic or asexual or both and its zygote develop into free-swimming larva
|
sponge
|
|
|
what animal can produce buds or fragment?
|
sponge
|
|
|
tentacled, radially symmetrical, and mainly marine are all chracteristics of what animall group?
|
cnidarians
|
|
|
jellyfish, sea anomnoes, hydrozoans, and coral are in what animal group?
|
cnidarians
|
|
|
what are the 2 body plans of the cnidarians?
|
polyp or medusa
|
|
|
what is the jellyfish stage called?
|
the meedusa stage
|
|
|
what is the tubelike stage attac=hed to the bottom known as?
|
the polyp stage
|
|
|
how is th digestive cavity of a cnidarian?
|
saclike
|
|
|
what is the unique weapon all cnidarians have?
|
spiny nematocysts
|
|
|
what does the medusa stage produce?
|
eggs and sperm
|
|
|
planarians are common where?
|
in ponds and streams
|
|
|
What animal has a saclike gut, a single mouth opening, and a phranyx that extends for food gathering?
|
flatworm
|
|
|
what animal is hermaphroditic and reproduces by trading sperm or asexually by transverse fission of the body?
|
flatworm
|
|
|
what animal is an internal parasite that requires a primary host for sexual reproduction and an intermediate host for development?
|
fluke
|
|
|
what is the primary host for a fluke worm and what is the intermediate host?
|
human; aquatic snail
|
|
|
what animal is the intestinal parasite of vetebrates?
|
tapeworm
|
|
|
what animal has no digestive tract and absorbs predigested nutirents from its host?
|
tapeworm
|
|
|
what animal consists of a scolex for attachment to the gut and a string of hermaphroditic proglottids?
|
tapeworm
|
|
|
what is so significant about annelids?
|
segments galore!
|
|
|
bilateral worms with a coelem and a segemtned body inside and out are considreded what?
|
annelids
|
|
|
earthworms, leeches, polychaets are all hermaphroditic and what else?
|
annelids
|
|
|
what annelids is a valuable tiller of soil and has setae to ain in locomotion?
|
earthworms
|
|
|
what annelid is either an aquatic predator of invertabrates or a parasite of vetebrates?
|
leeches
|
|
|
what annelid is a wandering or tube dwelling marine worm with parpodia and setae?
|
polchaetes
|
|
|
what annelid has a complete digestive system and a closed circulatory system?
|
an earthworm
|
|
|
what annelid has coelomic chambers filled with fluid to provide a hydrostatic skelton?
|
an earthworm
|
|
|
what annelids outer surface is covered with cuticle?
|
an earthworm
|
|
|
what animal has a fleshy, soft bilateral body with a small coelom?
|
a mollusks
|
|
|
what animal could possible have a head with eyes, possibly tentacles and probably a shell or two?
|
a mollusk
|
|
|
what is the tissue of a mollusk that produces a shell?
|
mantle
|
|
|
what is the file like tongue used to rasp vegtables that most mollusks have?
|
radula
|
|
|
a mollusks protection of 8 plates is known as what?
|
chiton
|
|
|
when a mollusks has 2 protecting shells and can burrow in sand or mud what is that called?
|
bivalve
|
|
|
nudibranchs (sea slugs) secrete what?
|
toxin
|
|
|
whart mollusks are modified for highly active predatory lifestyle and has tantacles and beaklike jaws?
|
cephlopod
|
|
|
what mollusk moves by jet propulsion and has the ability to squirt ink?
|
cephlopods
|
|
|
What animal is extrememly advanced w/ a closed circulatory system, a large brain w/ a good nervous system and almost human like eyes?
|
cephlapods
|
|
|
what invertabrate is bilateral w/ a slender tapered body?
|
a roundworm
|
|
|
what invertabrate has a complete digestive system, reproducitive organs that lie in a fluid-filled false coelom, and had tough cuticle to protect is body?
|
roundworm
|
|
|
what roundworm in parasitic that is caused by eating raw pork?
|
trichnosis
|
|
|
what parasitic roundworm causes severe swelling of arms and legs?
|
elphantitis
|
|
|
hat are the 4 major groups of arthropods?
|
trilobites, chelicerates, crustaceons, and uniramians
|
|
|
what animal group includes adapataitons such as a hardened exoskeleton, jointed appendages, and specilaized segments?
|
arthropods
|
|
|
What animal group posses respiratory sturctures (trachea) and specialized senry structures such as antennae and compound eyes?
|
arthropods
|
|
|
what animal group has specialized developmental stages such as metamorphosis?
|
arthropods
|
|
|
horeshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites all belong to what group?
|
checerates
|
|
|
what group includes shrimps, lobsters, crawfishes, crabs, branacles, pillbugs and copepods?
|
crustaceans
|
|
|
which arthropod repeatdly molts and sheds its exoskeleton and is divided into many segments?
|
crutasceans
|
|
|
which arthropods has 2 pairs of antennae, pair each of mandibles and macillae, and 5 pairs of legs?
|
crustaceans
|
|
|
the body of what animal is divided into 3 regions (head, thorax, and abdomen)?
|
insect
|
|
|
which animal has a complete digestive tract and magipighan tubules for liquid metabolic wastes?
|
insects
|
|
|
what animal can spread rocky mountain disease?
|
ticks
|
|
|
what animal can spreas rift valley fever, malaria and west nile?
|
mosquito
|
