Biology 105 Lecture 21

Front 1

Nucleotides

Back 1

DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides

Front 2

Each nucleotides contains

Back 2

sugar, phosphate, and base

Front 3

what forms the backbone for the nucleotides

Back 3

sugars and phosphate

Front 4

DNA

Back 4

Deoxyribose as sugar

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine as basses

double stranded

in eukaryotes- always with proteins

Front 5

RNA

Back 5

Ribose as sugar

Adenine. cytosine, guanine, and uracil as bases

copied from DNA

single or double stranded

Front 6

DNA History

Back 6

knew about genetic material but not structure

Front 7

who work on the figuring our DNA structure

Back 7

Pauling, Wilkins, Franklin, Watson and Crick

Front 8

Who figured our about sugar phosphate backbone

Back 8

Franklin

Front 9

who figured out how bases paired up

Back 9

Watson and Crick

Front 10

DNA srtucture

Back 10

double helix

rope ladder twisted

each side of the ladder is a long string of sugar/phosphate/nitrogenous bases strung together

Front 11

The rungs in DNA

Back 11

one side nitro base with other side nitro base

A with T

G with C

Front 12

The rungs in RNA

Back 12

A with U

G with G

Front 13

Base pairing

Back 13

during DNA replication, one strand is served as template

new strand is made and end the end : duplication DNA

1/2 old, 1/2 new

Called semiconserative model

Front 14

DNA replication 1

Back 14

requires a dozen enzymes of proteins

starts at orgin of replication

copying done by polermerase

3 to 5 inch direction on the DNA strand being copied

Front 15

DNA replication 2

Back 15

two halves of DNA copied in a different way

one is discontinues and one ins continous

DNA polymerase on discontinous strand goes to 3-5 makes pieces, than releases, re-binds, repeats

Front 16

DNA replication steps 1

Back 16

enzymes breaks bonds between bases

Front 17

DNA replication steps 2

Back 17

nucleotides of each side of the ladder are now exposed

Front 18

DNA replication steps 3

Back 18

The strand same as templates(both of them)

Front 19

DNA replication steps 4

Back 19

DNA polymerase adds them, one by one, to each strand following the rules of base pairing

Front 20

DNA replication steps 5

Back 20

Starts at the 3' end of stand(the template )

Front 21

DNA replication steps 6

Back 21

Addition moves toward 5' end ( of the template strand)

Front 22

DNA replication steps 7

Back 22

When reaches end of template DNA polymerase releases DNA

Front 23

DNA replication facts

Back 23

pretty fast

50 nucleotides added per second

error rate: 1 for every billion added

proof reading- DNA polymerase checks for error