Biology 1030

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mutation

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A permanent, heritable change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene or a chromosome; the process in which such a change occurs in a gene or in a chromosome

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protocell

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Large ordered structure, enclosed by a membrane, that carries out some life activities, such as growth anddivision.
phytoplankton- Photosynthetic or plant constituent of plankton; mainly unicellular algae.A type of [[plankton classified as a plant
summer solstice- In the Northern Hemisphere, the solstice that occurs on or about June 21-

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carrying capacity

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largest number of individuals of a particular species that can survive over long periods of time in a givenenviroment, this level depends on the effect of the limiting factors

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sexual selection

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A form of natural selection in which, according to Darwin's theory, the male or female is attracted by certain characteristics, form, colour, behaviour, etc., in the opposite sex; thus modifications of a special nature are brought about in the species.

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photic zone

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A Part of the Ocean where sunlight can Penetrate and where most Ocean Organisms Dwell

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phylogeny

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1. (1) The evolutionary history of a taxonomic group of organisms.
2. (2) The evolutionary development of a species or of a taxonomic group of organisms.
3. (3) The history of development of a tribe or racial group.

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eutrophication

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A choking of rivers, lakes and other waterways by excess algae growth which has been stimulated by fertilizers or sewage.

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species diversity

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the number of different species in a particular area (species richness) weighted by some measure of abundance such as number of individuals or biomass

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Suess effect

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Reduced concentration of 14C in the atmosphere as a consequence of fossil fuel burning

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genetic drift

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The process of change in the genetic composition of a population due to chance or random events rather than by natural selection, resulting in changes in allele frequencies over time.

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stromatolites

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A widely distributed sedimentary structure consisting of laminated carbonate or silicate rocks, produced over geologic time by the trapping, binding, or precipitating of sediment by groups of microorganisms, primarily cyanobacteria.

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taxonomy

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1. (1) The science of finding, describing, classifying, and naming organisms, including the studying of the relationships between taxa and the principles underlying such a classification.
2. (2) The classification of organisms in a hierarchical system or in taxonomic ranks (e.g. domain, kingdom,phylum or division, class, genus, species) based on shared characteristics or on phylogeneticrelationships inferred from the fossil record or established by genetic analysis.

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homeotic genes

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A developmental gene that specifies the anterior-posterior axis, as well as segment identity during the early embryonic development of certain organisms, such as metazoans.

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hypothesis

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A supposition or tentative explanation for (a group of) phenomena, (a set of) facts, or a scientific inquiry that may be tested, verified or answered by further investigation or methodological experiment.

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evolution

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1. (1) The change in genetic composition of a population over successive generations, which may be caused by natural selection, inbreeding, hybridization, or mutation.
2. (2) The sequence of events depicting the evolutionary development of a species or of a group of related organisms; phylogeny.

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lysogenic cycle

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One of the ways of virus reproduction. ( other one:lyticcycle)Bacteriophage's nucleic acid fuses together with the hosts nucleic acid, so that genetic information of the virus is transmitted through daughter cells.
viral replication cycle in which the virus's nucleic acid is integrated into the host cells chromosome; aprovirus is formed and replicated each time the host cell reproduces; the host cell is not killed until the lytic cycle is activated

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virulent phage

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A phage that cannot become a prophage; infection by such a phage always leads to lysis of the host cell.

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viroid

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Extremely small viruses of plants. Their genome is a 240-350 nucleotide circular rNA strand, extensively base paired with itself, so they resist RNAase attack.

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meristem

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Undifferentiated tissue from which new cells are formed, as at the tip of a stem or root

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homosporous

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morphologically identical spores that germinate to produce bisexual (both male and female) gametophytes in pteridophytes but either bisexual or more usually unisexual (either male or female) gametophytes in bryophytes

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R plasmid

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Shortened term for resistance plasmid that confers certain bacterial strain the acquired ability to resist theantimicrobial activity of some drugs.

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Antheridium

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The fertile organ of a male gametophyte or the male organ of a bisexual gametophyte, in which malegametes are formed

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Saprotroph

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an organism that feeds on or derives nourishment from decaying organic matter.
incomplete flower- A flower lacking sepals, petals, stamens, or pistils

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exotoxin

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toxin released from gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as opposed to endotoxinsthat form part of the cell wall.

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endospore

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structure formed by bacteria during unfavorable conditions that contains dna and a small amount ofcytoplasm encased by a protective outer covering; germinates during favorable conditions.

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F plasmid

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A DNA sequence or plasmid that confers certain bacteria the ability to produce a sex pilus for conjugationwith other bacteria.

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Plasmodium

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Multinucleate mass of protoplasm bounded only by a plasma membrane, the main vegetative form of a cellular slime molds

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lytic Cycle

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One of the two cycles of viral reproduction (the other being the lysogenic cycle), which is usually considered as the main method of viral reproduction because it ends in the lysis of the infected cell releasing theprogeny viruses that will in turn spread and infect other cells
transgenic- This term describes an organism that has had genes from another organism put into its genome through recombinant DNA techniques.
cotyledon- The primary or rudimentary leaf of the embryo of a seed plant that either remains in the seed or emerges upon seed germination; a modified leaf that is part of the plant embryo within the seed; a seedleaf.

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flower

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The sexual reproductive structure of the angiosperms, typically consisting of gynoecium, androecium andperianth and the main stem bearing these parts

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Lignin

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organic substance which act as a binder for the cellulose fibres in wood and certain plants and adds strength and stiffness to the cell walls

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temperate phage

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A bacteriophage that displays lysogenic life cycle in contrast to virulent phage that does not have the ability to display lysogeny (especially following mutation).

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Perennial Plant

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A plant lasting for three seasons or more.Lasting three seasons or more; the common buttercup is a popular perennial plant.Lasting an indefinitely long time; suggesting self-renewal; perennial happiness.Plants that live from year to year, ranging from trees to dandelions.

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Halophile

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archaebacteria living in extremely salty enviornments such as the ocean and even in solid salt crystals

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Complete Flower

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A flower having all four floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

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Guard Cells

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plant cells occurring in pairs in the epidermis, flanking each stoma. Changes inturgor in the guard cells cause the stoma to open and close. A pair of cells found on each side of a stomatal opening, which has properties enabling the contraction and expansion of the stomatal pore

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mycorrhizae

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Symbiotic relationship between a specialized fungus and plant roots fungal hyphae help plants obtain water and minerals and plants supply carbohydrates and amino acids to the fungus.

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endotoxin

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heat stable polysaccharide like toxin bound to a bacterial cell

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Hererosporous

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produces both microspore and megaspores.

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archegonium

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'Female' sex organ of liver-worts, mosses, ferns and related plants, and of most gynosperms. multicellular, with neck composed of one or more tiers of cells, and swollen base (venter) containing egg-cell.
annual plant- circadian rhythms are all positioned round them living their lifecycle in the space of a year, mostly summer, and produces new seeds for the next generation for the next year.

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Thermophile

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Pertaining to a thermophile. Organisms who favour an environment where temperature is abnormally high, around 45 degrees celsius or higher

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Self Incompatability

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Pertaining to a thermophile. Organisms who favour an environment where temperature is abnormally high, around 45 degrees celsius or higher

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Phytoplankton

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Photosynthetic or plant constituent of plankton; mainly unicellular algae.A type of [[plankton classified as a plant.

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Estivation

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The lack of or slowing of activity and metabolism during hot, dry season such as summer;summer dormancy; prolonged and deep torpor during the hot, dry season.
basidiocarp- Fruiting body of basidiomycetes
dorsal- Of, toward, in, on, or near the back (or any analogous bodily reference) of an organism

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Protosome

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An organism in which the blastopore develops into the mouth and the coelom arises by schizocely and whose embryo has determinate cleavage

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Germ Layers

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The three layers of cells comprising the early embryo.

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Optimal Foraging Theory

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natural selection favours animals whose behavioural strategies maximize their net energy intake per unit time spent foraging

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Choanocyte

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Collar cells on sponges-unique to the sponge-it lines the radial canal-has flagella that whip and move thewater to the body cavity

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Mycelium

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mass of hyphae that constitutes the vegetative part of a fungus (the conspicuous part in most cases is the fruiting body of fungi).
lateral line- A small, pear-shaped sense Organ in the skin of many fishes and amphibians that issensitive to pressure changes in the surrounding water

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Poikilotherm

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An animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of its surroundings; any animal except birds and mammals

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Ascocarp

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In sac fungi, the reproductive structure in which haploid nuclei fuse to form a zygote.

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Marsupial

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Having a pouch for carrying the immature young; of or pertaining to the marsupialia.

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Homeostasis

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The ability of the body or a cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium or stability within itsinternal environment when dealing with external change

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Deuterostome

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the first opening in the embryo becomes the anus

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Ventral

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pertaining to the abdomen, belly, or venter

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Hermaphrodite

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An organism having both male and female organs, therefore, is capable of producing both male andfemale gametes.

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Hibernation

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Cessation from or slowing of activity during the winter; especially slowing of metabolism in someanimals.

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Sexual Dimorphism

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Having two different distinct forms of individuals within the same species or two different distinct forms ofparts within the same organism.

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Interstitial Fluid

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The fluid found in the intercellular spaces composed of water, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, coenzymes,hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, and cellular products. It bathes and surrounds the cells of the body, and provides a means of delivering materials to the cells, intercellular communication, and removal ofmetabolic waste

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Filter Feeder

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a method of feeding occurring in some aquatic animals, such as planktonic invertebrates and whalebone whales, in which minute food particles are filtered from the surrounding water

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Notochord

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An axial mesodermal tissue found in embryonic stages of all chordates and protochordates, often regressing as maturity is approached. Typically a rod shaped mass of vacuolatedcells. It lies immediately below the nerve cord and may provide mechanical strength to the embryo

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Ruminant

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Chewing the cud; characterised by chewing again what has been swallowed; of or pertaining to the ruminantia.

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Diaphragm

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The thin muscle below the lungs and heart that separates the chest from the abdomen

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Fixed Action Pattern

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An animal behaviour that, once initiated, will continue until completed.
inclusive fitness

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Cnidocyte

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the fitness of an individual organism as measured in terms of the survival and reproductive success of its kin, each relative being valued according to the probability of shared genetic information, an offspring or sibling having a value of 50 percent and a cousin 25percent.