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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Systematics
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The study of diversity and ancestral relationships--based on a system of origin
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Toxonomy
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The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms--to be catalogued
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Classificaton
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Odering of organisms into groups based on similarities and phylogeny--blood type, size, and shape
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Phylogeny
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Evolutionary history of a group organisms
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Morphology
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The study of body structures--anatomy
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Fossil Record
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Relationships based on remains of ancestors imprinted in rock--*it is easy to determine when rocks were formed
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Fossil Record Detailed
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1) Remains of organisms become imporinted in sedementay rock, and other substances
2)Because fossils can be dated (like rocks), fossils can establish the age of a species 3)First prokaryotes became fossilized on rocks over about 3 billion years ago 4)First eukaryotes became fossilized about 1 billion years ago 5)First multicellular strctures became fossilized about 600 million years ago |
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Taxonomy
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Hierarchial system of classification
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Ecology
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The study of the relationships with other species and within populations
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Molecular evidence
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The comparison of proteins, DNA, and other biochemical differences
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Biogeography
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The study of land masses, migration, and extinctions throughout the earth's history
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Taxonomy detailed
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1)Classification system still being used today
2)Origins of classification--mid 18th century 3)Carolus Linnaeus (the Linnean System) had two main characteristics: A. Each species had a two part name B. Species are organized hierarchically into broader and broader groups (the two part name is in Latin and it is done so that scientist around the world can all recognize the name ***The binomial name is always italicized if typed or underlined if handwritten, the first letter of the first word is capitalized and the first letter of the first letter of he second word is lowercase Ex. humans are called Homo sapeins which would be italicized or underlined, and would be shortened to H. sapiens, also italicized or underlined |
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Genus
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The closes group to which a species belongs
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Species Epithet
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Refers to one species within each genus
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Species
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The most specific taxon, used to be based on specific structures before knowledge of DNA, ex. all animals with black and white fur and stink glands would have been grouped together
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Species detailed
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1)Linnaeus considered each species to have aunique structure that made it distinct
2)The biological definition of a species states that a species can interbreed (successfully) and share the same gene pool 3)A hierchical classification will group species into broader taxonomiccatagories 4)Species that appear to be closely related are grouped into the same genus---example: the leopard, Panthera pandus, belongs to a genus that includes the African lion, Panthera leo, and the tiger, Panthera tigris, they are all the same genius because they are all considered big cats and have similar bone structures and heritage |
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Genera detailed
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Genera are grouped into prograssively broader catagories: family, order, class phylum, kingdom, and domain--the furter you go from species (the lowest on the list) to domain the more iclusive each group gets
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Domains
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Three Domains:
1)Domain Bacteria --Kingdom Eubacteria 2)Domain Archaea --Kingdom Archbacteria 3)Domain Eucharya --Kingdom Protista --Kingdom Fungi --Kingdom Plantae --Kingdom Animalia |
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Comprehensive Phylogeny Tree--Cladogram
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*Ancestry and DNA both used in building these
*Used to indicate phylogeny based on acquired featers also called charaters (may be gained, lost, or can evolve independently *Cladograms are usually drawn as angular trees ---features on cars-low gas mileage vs. eight track player can be thought of the same way as these traits in animals |
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Eubacteria
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-Prokaryotes (lack a nucleus and other membranous organelles)
-Unicellular and microscopic -Cell walls made of peptidoglycan -Decomposers, some parasites, some autotrophs |
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Archaebacteria
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-Prokaryotes (lack a nucleus and other membranious organelles)
-unicellular and microscopid -No peptidoglycan in cell walls -Biochemical differences from Eubacteria -Live in oxygen-free environments, sewage, swamps, intestinal tracts of animals |
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Protista
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-Eukaryotes
-Maily inicellular or simple mulicellular -Three informal groups-protozoa, animal-like, heterotrophic: algae, plant-lik, photosynthetic, important producers: slime molds and water molds, fungi-like, heterotrophic **preposing to subdivide into different groups** |
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Fungi
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-Eukaryotes
-Heterotophic -Made of hyphae -Cell walls of chitin -Decomposers -Ex. yeast and mushrooms |
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Plantea
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-Eukaryotes
-Multicellular -Photosynthetic -Cell walls of cellulose -Primary producers (autotrophs--able to produce biomass from inorganic compounds usually with the aid of sunlight) -Alternation of generations (dealing with one diploid and one haploid) |
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Animalia
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-Eukaryotes
-Multicellular -Heterotrophic -Tissue differentiation and complex organ system -Specialized nervous tissue- -Consumers-herbivores, carnivores, detritus feeders -Very diverse -Determinate growth |
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Additional notes from this chapter
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both bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes, archaea may be more clsely related to eukaryotes than they are bacteria
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Changes to the Linnean System
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1866: Haeckal established kingdom protista
1969: Whittaker proposed the 5 kingdom classification |
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Morphology
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Embryology-thought to be the best way to look at it becuase of the changes that take place during development
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Homology
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Homologous structures have the same origin example the wings of a bird and the arms of a bat, the tail of a dog and the cocsus bone,ear canals in humans and gills of a fish--discovered through paleontology (looking a structures and fossils)
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Molecular evidence
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Includes DNA, RNA, and proteins
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Life-cycle
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Also studied in oder to compare animals
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Eukarya
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Includes 4 kingdoms-----
1)Protista 2)Plantae 3)Fungi 4)Animalia |
