Biology 101 Exam 2

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Two types of cells

Back 1

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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Organelles

Back 2

Small structures within a cell that often have their own membrane surrounding them and these structures often perform some kind of task for the cell.

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Largest organelle

Back 3

Nucleus. It holds the DNA(contains the instructions for the cell/organism)

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Flagella

Back 4

Long threadlike structures made of protein fibers that project from the surface of a cell. locomation And feeding. It moves like a whip and allows them to move through their environment.

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Pili or pilus

Back 5

Are short flagella. Helps the prokaryotic cell attach to appropriate substrates and aid in the exchange of genetic information between cells.

Front 6

Cell theory

Back 6

States that all living organism at made up of cell which is where the basic processes of life occur.

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Prokaryote

Back 7

Simplest and most ancient cell. Do not have organelles with membranes around them. Only organelles are ribosomes which help the cell turn genetic information into proteins.

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Similarities of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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Have DNA, have ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

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Prokaryotes/eukaryotes differences

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Pro: oldest, small and simple. Lack nucleus, and membrane bound organelles, single celled, single circular chromosome Euk: evolved from prokaryotes, larger and more complex , contain nucleus and organelles , either single or multicellular , multiple linear chromosome

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Cell wall, prokaryotes

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Provide structure/protection for cell

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Plasma membrane, prokaryotes

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Helps determine what can and cannot enter and exit the cytoplasm of the cell.

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Main types of prokaryotes

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Bacteria and archaea

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Eukaryotic cells

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Plants, fungi, people, basically anything alive that is not bacterium or an archaea are made up of eukaryotic cells.

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Features of eukaryotic

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Flexible membrane made of phospholipids that surrounds them. Plasma membrane decides what can get in or out of the cell.

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Cytoplasm

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Holds the organelles

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Ribosomes

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Organelles is where the information turns to protein.

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Endoplasmic reticulum and Gigli apparatus

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Rough and smooth. These organelles help the cell produce certain macromolecules like lipids, carbohydrates and proteins.

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Chloroplasts

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Eukaryotic cells special organelles that help produce energy for the cell or organism animal's have mitochondria but eukaryotic cells have mitochondria and chloroplasts. They are organelles that use elelcrosb from carbohydrates to make energy for the cell. Chloroplasts use energy from the sun to create carbohydrates and energy for the cell.

Front 19

Meiosis

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Make a copy of their DNA, and eitht hag copy they make two separate cells. Once chromosome is copied the cell starts to stretch out and the copies split apart and allow the cell wall to grow. It takes 5 mins if environment is right

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Mitosis

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First step is called interphase and during this the cell is getting ready to grow and divide. Three parts. G1, s, and G2. During g1 and g2, the cell is growing mad everything ready to make a copy. During the s phase, the DNA is copied. After chromosome is copied prophase begins. Cytoskeleton forms a structure for chromatids. Then metaphase begins and cells pull apart. Anaphase begins when chromatids begin to separate from eachother. Last stage of of mitosis is telophase. During this stage chromatids are covered with a membrane that allows nucleus to form around. Then cytokinesis.

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Potential energy

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Stored energy. Energy something has when it is not moving it can be used when necessary.

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Kinetic energy

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Energy used when something is moving.

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Thermodynamics

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Term used to describe the laws of energy transfer that exist in the universe. 4 laws

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First law of thermodynamics

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There's a finite amount of energy in the universe and this energy is neither created nor destroyed during energetic reaction it's only changes form

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2nd law of thermodynamics

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As time goes on things tend to become more disorganized unless acted on by something that organizes it and this case and energy

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Entropy

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Measure of disorder or this organization in the system

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Enzymes

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Proteins that help chemical reactions take place within cells they work by lowering the activation energy which is the amount of energy needed to get a chemical reaction started

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Synthesis reactions

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Putting small molecules together to make bigger molecules

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Decomposition reaction

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Taking big molecules as bringing them into smaller pieces

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Repressors and activators

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How cells regulate or control their enzymes by using molecules

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Cellular respiration

Back 31

Series of chemical or metabolic reactions that move electrons from one place to another and in the process create ATP

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ATP

Back 32

Adenosine triphosphate. This molecule is one of the major molecule cells use for energy

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Glycolysis

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First stage of cellular respiration. During the stage glucose is broken that part into smaller pieces

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Citric acid cycle

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This stage starts when the pyruvate made during glycolysis enters into a series of chemical reactions that allow nadh and FADH2 to be made as well as some more ATP

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Electron transport chain

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This is the stage in which most of the ATP are made. Nadh and fadh move over to the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. They really some electrons and hydrogen atoms the electrons are sent through a series of protein or metal complexes of the electron transport chain

Front 36

Summary of cellular respiration

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Ultimately what cellular respiration does it take energy from the food we ate move that energy around and creates ATP.