Biology 101 Chapter 12 Campbell

Front 1

What is a CELL DIVISION?

Back 1

The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells; for development from a fertilized cell, for growth and repair

Front 2

What is the CELL CYCLE?

Back 2

The life of a cell from when it is first formed from a dividing parent, until its own division into two cells; passing identical genetic material is crucial

Front 3

What is a GENE?

Back 3

A cell's endowment of DNA, its genetic information.

Front 4

How is the replication and distribution of so much DNA manageable during cell division?

Back 4

B/c DNA molecules are packed into CHROMOSOMES.

Front 5

What is a SOMATIC CELL?

Back 5

Encompass all human cells except reproductive cells; have two sets of chromosomes (Mt)

Front 6

What is a GAMETE?

Back 6

A human reproductive cell; sperm and eggs; have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells (MI and MII)

Front 7

What are eukaryotic cells made of?

Back 7

CHROMATIN (a complex of DNA and associated protein molecules). Two sister chromatids are made in Mt

Front 8

Does DNA go into the CHROMOSOMES?

Back 8

Each single chromosome contains one very long linear DNA molecule that carries several hundred to a few thousand genes.

Front 9

What is the CENTROMERE?

Back 9

A 'waist' region where the two sister chromatids are most likely joined.

Front 10

What is MITOSIS?

Back 10

The division of the nucleus.

Front 11

What follows MITOSIS?

Back 11

CYTOKINESIS (the division of the cytoplasm).

Front 12

What is MEIOSIS?

Back 12

A variation of cell division which yields nonidentical daughter cells that have only one set of chromosomes (23)
- MEIOSIS only occurs in the gonads (ovaries or testes)

Front 13

What are PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE?

Back 13

1. MITOTIC PHASE (the shortest part of the cycle)- includes both mitosis and cytokinesis - Mitosis occurs at the end where two daughter cells are produced
2. INTERPHASE (often accounts for up to 90% of the cycle) - alternates with the MITOTIC PHASE.
- It is during this phase that the cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preperationf ro cell division.

Front 14

Name the sub-phases that break up the INTERPHASE.

Back 14

1. G1 PHASE - "the first gap" - cell grows; longest part
2. S PHASE - synthesis - DNA replicates and grows more
3. G2 PHASE - "second gap" - grows more in prep for Mt

Front 15

As the cell grows, what is going on?

Back 15

The cell grows by producing proteins, cytoplasmic organelles (mitrochondria and the ER...)

Front 16

When are CHROMOSOMES DUPLICATED?

Back 16

Only during the S phase.

Front 17

How long does cell division take in humans?

Back 17

One division in 24 hours

Front 18

How many phases are there in MITOSIS?

Back 18

FIVE:
1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase.

Front 19

What is the CENTROSOME?

Back 19

A nonmembraneous organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules

Front 20

Why is CYTOKIONESIS different in plant celLs?

Back 20

B/c they have walls.

Front 21

What is CYTOKINESIS and why is it different in plant cells?

Back 21

the process known as cleavage in a animal cell and B/c they have they have walls. A Cleavage furrow forms and a cell plate forms

Front 22

What are PROTEIN KINASES?

Back 22

Enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phophorylating them.
- Particular protein kinases give the go-ahead signals at the G1 and G2 checkpoints.

Front 23

What makes a PROTEIN KINASES active, thus assisting with the driving of the cell cycle?

Back 23

PK are mostly inactive, unless they are attached to CYCLIN.

Front 24

What is CYCLIN?

Back 24

A protein that gets its name from its cyclically fluctuating concenration in the cell.

Front 25

What is CdK?

Back 25

CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASES.
- The activity of CdK rises and falls with the changes in concentration of its cyclin partner.

Front 26

What was the name of the CdK complex that was discovered first?

Back 26

MPF. (maturation promoting factor)
- It triggers the cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase.

Front 27

What is a GENOME?

Back 27

all the DNA in a cell; packaged in a chromosome

Front 28

P arm and Q arm

Back 28

p arm tends to be shorter on chromatid and always on top

Front 29

What is BINARY FISSION?

Back 29

process in which proks reproduce; the chromosomes (at beginning of origin of replication) replicate and two daughter chromosome actively move apart

Front 30

How do CANCER CELLS grow?

Back 30

they may make their own growth factor, they may convey a signal w/o the presence of a growth factor; they may have an abnormal cell cycle control

Front 31

What is TRANSFORMATION?

Back 31

a normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell

Front 32

What is a BENIGN TUMOR?

Back 32

abnormal cells remain at the original site, a lump forms

Front 33

What is a MALIGNANT TUMOR?

Back 33

abnormal cells invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize, exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body, where more tumors can grow

Front 34

What is the CELL CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM?

Back 34

a cyclical set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

Front 35

What is a CHECKPOINT?

Back 35

in the cell cycle is the critical control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle; checking to see that all processes are completed correctly; 3 major ones found in G1, G2 and M phases

Front 36

PROPHASE

Back 36

sister chromatids condense and spindles start to form; nuclear membrane begin to dissociate

Front 37

METAPHASE

Back 37

sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate

Front 38

ANAPHASE

Back 38

sister chromatids separate and individual chromosomes move toward poles as kinetochore microtubules shorten

Front 39

TELOPHASE

Back 39

chromosomes decondense and nuclear membrane re-form; cleavage/cell plate separates the new cells with single chromatids identical from parent; 2 nuclei begin to form; mitosis is complete

Front 40

INTERPHASE

Back 40

chromosomes have replicated