Biology 101

Front 1

Various characteristics that define "life"?

Back 1

1. Order
2. cells
3. reporduction/DNA
4. Growth and Development
5. Energy utilization: producers and/or consumers
6. respond to stimuli
7. regulation (homeostatis), 8.Evolution

Front 2

Describe the nomenclature and classification systems scientists utilize to name and classify organisms?

Back 2

1. Systematics –the study of the diversity and relationships of organisms both past and present

2 Taxonomy – the identification, naming, and classification of species.

Front 3

What are the dual faces of life?

Back 3

Unity and diversity

Front 4

Describe the dual faces of life:

Back 4

1 Life shows a heiracrchy of ornization, extending from the molecular level through the biospher. Shared features at the molecular level are the basis of life's unity.

2. Life also shows spectacular diversity. Several million kinds of organisms already have been named, past and present, each with some traits that make it unique from all others.

Front 5

biology

Back 5

study of life

Front 6

What theory unifies life?:

Back 6

Evolution
a. Individual variation of heritable traits
b. Struggle for existence
c. Unequal reproductive success – natural selection –favorable traits that are inherited will become more common in future generations.
d. Cells are the basic building blocks of life ,
e. Universal genetic code shared by all organisms (DNA)
f. Evolution

Front 7

24. Name the major defining characteristics of the three domains that are used to organize all life on earth.

Back 7

Bacteria: Prokaryotic, single celled, diverse habitats
Archea: Prokaryotic, single celled, can live in harsh environments
Eukaria: Eukaryotic, larger and more complex,

Front 8

Prokaryotic

Back 8

Do not have a nucleus (a membrane-bound sac that keeps DNA separated form the rest of the cell's interior)

Producers and consumers

Front 9

Eukaryotic

Back 9

have nuclei,

includes: Protists, plants, fungi, animals

Front 10

plants

Back 10

multicelled, photosynthetic producters

Front 11

fungi

Back 11

multicelled decomposers and cosumers . They secrete enzymes that digest food outsied the fungal body the cells absorb digested nutrients.

Front 12

animals

Back 12

multicelled consumers that ingest tissues of other organism. Develop by series of embryonic stages, move during life

Front 13

What is Linnaeus known for?

Back 13

1. Most influential Taxonomist who proposed the binomial method of naming organisms,

2. also proposed a formal hierarchical system of classification

Front 14

What is the correct way to write “HOMO SAPIENS”?

Back 14

Homo sapiens (italicized or underlined)

Front 15

DNA

Back 15

Nucleic Acid -signature molecule of life -holds info for building proteins from smaller molecules, the amino acids.

Front 16

metabolism

Back 16

A process by which every cell acquires and uses energy to maintain itself, grow, and make more cells.

Front 17

homeostasis

Back 17

organisms keep the internal environmnet within a range that cells can tolerate.

Front 18

mutations

Back 18

heritable changes to DNA

Front 19

adaptive traits

Back 19

novel traits that make an individual better able to survive.

Front 20

evolution

Back 20

heritable change in a line of descent.

Front 21

diversity

Back 21

variations in traits that have accumulated in lines of descent.

Front 22

natural selection

Back 22

the traits that help a population survive and thrive become more common in the population over time.

Front 23

hypothesis

Back 23

educated guess

Front 24

prediction

Back 24

a statement of what you shold find in the natural world

Front 25

models

Back 25

theoretical , detailed description or analogies that might help us visualize something that hasn't been directly ovserved.

Front 26

Scientific theory

Back 26

a time tested intellectual framework that is used to interpret a broad range of observations and data. Scientific theories remain open to rigorous tests, revision, and tentative acceptance or rejection.

Front 27

variable

Back 27

specific aspect of an object or event that can differ among individuals or changes over time.

Front 28

atoms

Back 28

smallest units that retain the properties of an element.

all atoms are made of three kinds of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Front 29

proton

Back 29

p+ carries a positive charge, a nucleus holds one or more proton.

Front 30

nuetron

Back 30

no charge, nucleus holds one or more neutron

Front 31

electron

Back 31

e- , negatively charged

Front 32

atomic number

Back 32

number of protons in the nucleus of its atoms

Front 33

mass number

Back 33

equals total number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus

Front 34

atoms

Back 34

the dmalles untis of an element or fundamental substance, that still retain the properties of that element.

Front 35

molecule

Back 35

2 or more atoms of the same or different elements joined in a chemical bond.

Front 36

Scientific theory

Back 36

a time tested intellectual framework that is used to interpret a broad range of observations and data. Scientific theories remain open to rigorous tests, revision, and tentative acceptance or rejection.

Front 37

variable

Back 37

specific aspect of an object or event that can differ among individuals or changes over time.

Front 38

atoms

Back 38

smallest units that retain the properties of an element.

all atoms are made of three kinds of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Front 39

proton

Back 39

p+ carries a positive charge, a nucleus holds one or more proton.

Front 40

nuetron

Back 40

no charge, nucleus holds one or more neutron

Front 41

electron

Back 41

e- , negatively charged

Front 42

atomic number

Back 42

number of protons in the nucleus of its atoms

Front 43

mass number

Back 43

equals total number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus

Front 44

atoms

Back 44

the smallest units of an element or fundamental substance, that still retain the properties of that element.

Front 45

molecule

Back 45

2 or more atoms of the same or different elements joined in a chemical bond.

Front 46

chemical bonding

Back 46

electron swapping between atoms.

Front 47

mixture

Back 47

two or more molecules intermingle without chemically bonding

Front 48

compounds

Back 48

molecules that consist of two or more different elements inproportions that never do vary
ex=water -all water molecules have one oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

Front 49

ionic bond

Back 49

a close association of ions

Front 50

ion

Back 50

an atom that has either a positive or negative charge.

formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.

Front 51

covalant bond

Back 51

when atoms share one or more electron

(stable and stronger than ionic bonds)

Front 52

polar covalent bond

Back 52

bond formed between atoms of different elements

Front 53

nonpolar coalent bond

Back 53

two identical atoms share electrons equally, and the molecule shows no difference in charge between its two ends.

Front 54

hydrogen bond

Back 54

a hydrogen atom taking part in a plar covalent bond bears a slight positive charge, so it attracts negatively charged atoms. When the negatively charged atom is bound to a different molecule or to a differnt part of the same molecule, the interaction between it and the hydrogen atom is called a hydrogen bond.

Front 55

evaporation

Back 55

heat energy converts liquid water to a gas

Front 56

temperature

Back 56

a measure of molecular motion

Front 57

solvent

Back 57

substance in which ions and polar molecules easily dissolve in it.

Front 58

solute

Back 58

a dissoved substance

Front 59

cohesion

Back 59

capacity to resist rupturin gwhen it is stretched or placed under tension

Front 60

pH scale

Back 60

measures the relative amount of hydrogen ions in solutions such as blood. The greater the H+ concentration the lower the pH.

Front 61

salt

Back 61

any compund that dissoves easily in water and releases ions other than H+ and OH-.

Front 62

acids

Back 62

donate hydrogen ions; pH below 7

Front 63

bases

Back 63

accept hydrogen ions; are pH above 7

Front 64

Electronegativity

Back 64

symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the ability of an atom (or, more rarely, a functional group) to attract electrons (or electron density) towards itself.

Front 65

subatomic particle

Back 65

subatomic particles are the particles composing nucleons and atoms.

There are two types of subatomic particles: elementary particles, which are not made of other particles, and composite particles. Particle physics and nuclear physics study these particles and how they interact.

Front 66

double bond

Back 66

a chemical bond between two chemical elements involving four bonding electrons instead of the usual two.

Front 67

electronegativity

Back 67

symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the ability of an atom (or, more rarely, a functional group) to attract electrons (or electron density) towards itself.

Front 68

How many elements are naturally occuring?

Back 68

92

Front 69

orbitals

Back 69

volumes of space

Front 70

Why do we need to know some chemistry in order to understand biology?=

Back 70

All life is composed of matter ;Living things are made up of molecules that are created through chemical reactions

Front 71

Describe the various subatomic particles that make up an atom.:

Back 71

Protons = positive
Neutrons = neutral
Electrons = negative

Front 72

How to calculate # of nuetrons?

Back 72

Atomic weight - # of protons = # of neutrons

Front 73

What is a covalent bond?

Back 73

sharing of one or more electrons between two atoms

Front 74

Describe how electrons are placed into the orbitals or energy levels.

Back 74

Each orbital has a maximum number of e- it can hold at any one time
First shell of any atom can hold a maximum of 2 e- electrons

Front 75

Why are atoms like carbon and oxygen so highly reactive?

Back 75

they have uneven electrons in their outer shell that can be shed or that attract

Front 76

Give an example of a strong acid and a strong base

Back 76

acid= vinegar

base = oven cleaner, baking soda,

Front 77

Describe the pH scale. How does it work?

Back 77

in liquid water, some water molecules split itno ions of hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide (OH+). These ions are the basis of the pH scale.; The greater the H+ concentration, the lower the pH Pure water (not rain or tap water) always has as many H+ as OH- ions. This state is neutrality pH 7.0

Front 78

What are the three types of covalent bonds?

Back 78

single, double, triple

Front 79

How are the three types of covalent bonds formed?

Back 79

a

Front 80

How is a covalent bond formed?

Back 80

b

Front 81

What is an ionic bond?

Back 81

a positive ion and negative ion stay together by mutual attraction of opposite charges.

Front 82

How is an ionic bond formed?

Back 82

a positive ion and negative ion stay together by mutual attraction of opposite charges.

Front 83

What are the starting and ending materials of a chemical reaction called?

Back 83

c