Biology 100 Final Exam

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A tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation.

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hypothesis

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a collection of related hypothesis that have been tested many times and not rejected

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theory

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The transmission of characteristics from paents to offspring is a process called?

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heredity

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The transfer of energy from one form to another in cells?

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metabolism

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All living things maintain stable internal conditions so that their complex process can be better coordinated. While the environment often varies a lot, organisms act to keep their interior conditions relatively constant, a process called?

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homeostasis

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What are body structures composed of several different tissues that form a structural and functional unit

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organs

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A higher leverl of biological organization that consists of all the population of different species living together in one place

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community

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Is the process by which traits become more or less common in a population due to consistent effects upon the survival or reproduction of their bearers. It is a key mechanism of evolution.

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natural selection

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A chemical that adds H+ to a solution making the concentration of H+ ion exceed the concentration of OH- ions.

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acid

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Is a chemical that adds HO- to a solutins making the concentration of the HO- ions exceed the concentration of HO+ ions.

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base

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A type of chemical bonding in which one or more electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another, thus converting the neutral atoms into electrically charged ions; these ions are approximately spherical and attract one another because of their opposite charge.

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ionic bond

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A bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, In short, the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as

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covalent bond

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What is used to guage how acidic or basic a solution is

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PH scale

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Maintaining the correct PH of body fluids is critical yet organisms frequently encounter conditions that could alter their internal PH, to maintain homeostasis we use what type of system.

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Buffer system

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A chemical compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

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organic molecules

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chemical reaction of a compound with water, usually resulting in the formation of one or more new compounds. (The breaking down with water)

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hydrolysis

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are the building blocks of proteins. Making up over three-fourths of
the human body.

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amino acids

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What type of bond forms by dehydration synthesis, is the covalent bond that links each amino acid to its neighbor

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peptide bond

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A measure of randomness

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entropy

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tiny hairlike folds in the plasma membrane that extend from the surface of many absorptive or secretory cells

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microvilli

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is a form of passive transport in which a substance moves down the concentration graident without the use of carrier molecule

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diffusion

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is the simple diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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omosis

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process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome by phagocytes and protists

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phagocytosis

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Store energy availabe to do work

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potential energy

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is engergy being use do work

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kinetic energy

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an organic molecule tht catalyzes a chemical reaction without being consumed

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enzyme

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releases engergy

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exergonic reaction

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requires an input of energy to proceed

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endergonic reaction

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The key to to the specificity lies in the shape of the enzyme, the regiion to which the substance binds in known as?

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active site

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The loss of elctrons from a molecule, atom, or ion

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oxidation reaction

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the cell membrane has some control over what can cross it, so that only certain molecules either enter or leave the cell.

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selective permeable

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to a condition, tumor, or growth that is NOT cancerous also is a tumor that lacks the ability to metastasize

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benign

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A form of cell death in which a programmed sequence of events leads to the elimination of cells without releasing harmful substances into the surrounding area.

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apoptosis

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the cell membrane has some control over what can cross it, so that only certain molecules either enter or leave the cell.

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selective permeable

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A pair of chromosomes containing the same gene sequences, each derived from one parent

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homologous chromosomes

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Failure of paired chromosomes to disjoin (separate) during cell division so that both chromosomes go to one daughter cell and none to the other

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nondisjunction

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to a condition, tumor, or growth that is NOT cancerous also is a tumor that lacks the ability to metastasize

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benign

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Possessing two identical forms of a particular gene, one inherited from each parent (HO)

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Homozygous

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Possessing two different forms of a particular gene, one inherited from each parent. (He)

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Heterozygous

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a triplet of nucleotides in transfer RNA that is complementary to the codon in messenger RNA which specifies the amino acid.

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anticodon

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A pair of chromosomes containing the same gene sequences, each derived from one parent

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homologous chromosomes

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The genetic constitution (the genome) of a cell, an individual or an organism

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genotype

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Failure of paired chromosomes to disjoin (separate) during cell division so that both chromosomes go to one daughter cell and none to the other

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nondisjunction

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The genetic constitution (the genome) of a cell, an individual or an organism

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phenotype

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Possessing two identical forms of a particular gene, one inherited from each parent (HO)

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Homozygous

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are substances that may protect cells from the damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals

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antioxidant

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Possessing two different forms of a particular gene, one inherited from each parent. (He)

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Heterozygous

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The genetic constitution (the genome) of a cell, an individual or an organism

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genotype

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The genetic constitution (the genome) of a cell, an individual or an organism

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phenotype

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are substances that may protect cells from the damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals

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antioxidant

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is a molecule of RNA that encodes a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product is transcribed from a DNA template, and carries coding information to the sites of protein synthesis: the ribosomes

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mRna

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secretes its chemicals using ducts

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endocrine

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secretes chemical not using no ducts

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exocrine

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is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions

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hypothalamus

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is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, as well as a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist the absorption of nutrients and the digestion in the small intestine. These enzymes help to further break down the carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the chyme.

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pancreas

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are endocrine glands that sit atop the kidneys; in humans, the right suprarenal gland is triangular shaped, while the left suprarenal gland is semilunar shaped. They are chiefly responsible for releasing hormones in response to stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids such as cortisol and catecholamines such as epinephrine. The glands affect kidney function through the secretion of aldosterone, a hormone involved in regulating the osmolarity of blood plasma.

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adrenal

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is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling.

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neuron

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is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling.

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threshold

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This gap acts as a site where neurotransmitters from presynaptic cell (e.g. neuron) are released into by exocytosis and diffuses across to bind with the receptors in the cell membrane of postsynaptic cell. This gap is only a minute space allowing the concentration of neurotransmitters to be raised and lowered rapidly.

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synaptic cleft

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A fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. The laceration of a tendon can result in the inability to flex or extend at a joint. A cord or band of inelastic tissue connecting a muscle with its bony attachment.A type of connective tissue consisting of collagen fibres that connects muscle fibres to the skeletal structure of an organism. These provide a strong connection between bone and muscle, providing structural stability and assisting movement (muscle to bone)

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tendon

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bands of fibrous tissue connecting bones and cartilage, serving to support and strengthen joints. (bone to bone)

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ligaments

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repeating subunit from which the myofibrils of striated muscle are built. Has A and i bands, the I band being sub divided by the z disc and the A band being split by the m line and the H zone. One of the segments into which a myofibril is divided.The muscle fibre situated between Z-membranes that has contractile properties.

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sarcomere

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This condition is caused by low levels of bone mineral density (BMD), hence, there is an increased risk of fracture. It is commonly seen in elderly, especially women following menopause. Nevertheless, it may also develop in anyone in the presence of particular hormonal disorders

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osteoporosis

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Neurodegenerative disease characterised by the gradual accumulation of focal plaques of demyelination particularly in the periventricular areas of the brain. Peripheral nerves are not affected. Onset usually in 3rd or 4th decade with intermittent progression over an extended period. Cause still uncertain.

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multiple sclerosis

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the continues stimulation

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positive feedback

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when it normalized and stops

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negative feedback

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pattern of compulsive drug use characterised by a continued craving for an opioid and the need to use the opioid for effects other than pain relief.

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pheromones

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The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from star cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with end feet which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood-brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and reactive astrocytes (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood.

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astrocytes

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What are the steps in the scientific method

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observation
hypothesis
predictions
testing
controls
conclusion

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Microorganisms were first observed by using a microscope of his own design.

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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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Have no nucleus

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prokaryotes

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In what type of cell is the DNA stored in an area called Nucleoid

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Prokaryotes

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In what type of cell does the DNA float freelyb in the cytoplasm

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prokaryotes

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Bacteria, Archae or what type of cell

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porkaryotes

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Has a nucleus

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Eukaryotes

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DNA is enclosed in the nucleus

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Eukaryotes

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Most inclusive taxonomic group

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domain

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The nerve signal, or action potential, is a coordinated movement of sodium and potassium ions across the nerve cell membrane.

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pathway of the nervous signal