Biological Oceanography Exam 1

Front 1

What is biological oceanography?

Back 1

1.) Factors that control the distribution and abundance of marine life
2.) How organisms can influence and interact with oceanic processes

Front 2

Marine biology focuses on?

Back 2

The study of individual organisms
(Ex. Taxonomy, behavior, physiology, ect...)

Front 3

Why is there overlap between biological oceanography and marine biology?

Back 3

Need marine biology to understand biological processes

Front 4

What tools are used in biological oceanography? (7)

Back 4

1.) Lab and field experiments
2.) Research vessel
3.) Submersible vehicles
4.) SCUBA
5.) Theory/models
6.) ROV - remotely operated vehicles
7.) Satellites

Front 5

People were navigating oceans back to?

Back 5

3,000 to 4,000 years ago

Front 6

Why are the voyages of Captain James Cook important?

Back 6

Earliest voyage that made significant contributions to science

Front 7

When was these voyages?

Back 7

1775

Front 8

Who was the naturalist on board with Captain James Cook?

Back 8

Joseph Banks

Front 9

Joseph Banks did what?

Back 9

Collected plants and animals and took lots of samples

Front 10

Captain James Cook also? (8)

Back 10

1.) Defeated scurvy
2.) Charting of New Zealand and Great Barrier reef, Tonga, and Eastern Islands
3.) Made relation to native people
4.) Recording data on the ocean, sea floor, and geological formations
5.) Sampled subsurface temperature
6.) Measured wind, currents
7.) Measured water depths or soundings
8.) Investigations of coral reefs

Front 11

Was the voyage of Captain James Cook designed for science?

Back 11

No, but it was one of the first voyages to do so

Front 12

What was the first expedition organized specifically to gather data on a wide range of ocean features?

Back 12

Challenger Expedition

Front 13

The Challenger Expedition lasted from?

Back 13

1872 - 1876 (Four years)

Front 14

The Challenger Expedition was how many years after James Cook?

Back 14

100 years

Front 15

The Challenger Expedition did what relative to the globe?

Back 15

Circumnavigated the globe

Front 16

What was the Challenger Expedition equipped with?

Back 16

Labs, microscopes, sediment samples, winches, otter trawls, ect...

Front 17

Who was the head scientist of the Challenger Expedition?

Back 17

John Murray

Front 18

The Challenger Expedition lead?

Back 18

Investigations to characterize the deep sea

Front 19

These characterizations include? (3)

Back 19

1.) Physical conditions (Temp, ect...)
2.) Chemical composition (Salinity, ect...)
3.) Physical and chemical properties of sea floor sediments

Front 20

How many species where categorized during the Challenger Expedition?

Back 20

4, 717 species

Front 21

These 4, 717 species categorized showed?

Back 21

The diversity of life in the deep sea

Front 22

The Challenger Expedition also discovered?

Back 22

Marianna's Trench

Front 23

Marianna's Trench is? (3)

Back 23

1.) The deepest trench in the world
2.) East of Japan near Guam
3.) 10,000 m deep

Front 24

The Challenger Expedition outlined?

Back 24

The mid-Atlantic ridge

Front 25

Overall the Challenger Expedition was?

Back 25

The beginning of modern oceanography

Front 26

The United States Exploring Expedition lasted from?

Back 26

1838 - 1842 (4 years)

Front 27

The U.S. congress wanted?

Back 27

The Exploring Expedition to circumnavigate

Front 28

The Exploring Expedition was?

Back 28

By the U.S. Navy: Naval and scientific

Front 29

What were the goals of the Exploring Expedition? (3)

Back 29

1.) Provide protection and promote commerce of whaling, whale scouting
2.) Mineral gathering
3.) Disprove the Hollow Earth Theory

Front 30

The U.S. Exploring Expedition collected?

Back 30

60,000 species

Front 31

What were done with this collection of 60,000 species from the Exploring Expedition?

Back 31

Given to the Smithsonian in D.C.

Front 32

The HMS Beagle lasted from?

Back 32

1831 - 1836 (5 years)

Front 33

Who was on the HMS Beagle?

Back 33

Charles Darwin

Front 34

Charles Darwin did what? (4)

Back 34

1.) Detailed observations of coral reefs
2.) Collections of marine animals and plants
3.) Theory on coral reef development, classified barnacles (Arthopoda, originally thought to be molluscs)
4.) Developed revolutionary ideas on evolution

Front 35

What revolutionary ideas on evolution occurred?

Back 35

Theory of Natural Selection

Front 36

Charles Darwin wrote?

Back 36

Origin of Species in 1859

Front 37

Benjamin Franklin in the 1700's did what?

Back 37

1.) Very first person to study and map Gulf Stream
2.) He measured current, wind speed, depth, temperature
3.) Found a "river in the ocean," or currents

Front 38

What did Benjamin Franklin want the U.S. to do?

Back 38

Deliver mail using the Gulf Stream

Front 39

John Murray is?

Back 39

The naturalist aboard the Challenger

Front 40

John Murray would?

Back 40

Sort through ship logs with readings on temperature and wind directions

Front 41

From this information he made?

Back 41

Assembled wind and current charts

Front 42

John Murray was the first person on Earth to?

Back 42

Have oceanography as a full time occupation

Front 43

Who is Edward Forbes? (3)

Back 43

1.) 1st person to conduct systematic studies on marine biota
2.) Pioneered the use the dredge to obtain samples of benthic animals
3.) Azoic hypothesis

Front 44

What is the azoic hypothesis?

Back 44

Marine organisms can not live under 500 m from temperature and pressure. This was hypothesis was DISPROVEN.

Front 45

What is marine science today? (4)

Back 45

1.) Has moved beyond mapping to studying oceanic processes
2.) Known 10% of what the ocean holds
3.) Is multidisciplinary (Uses geology, physics, chemistry, biology, math, ect...)
4.) Includes sophisticated technology

Front 46

What are some newer discoveries in marine science? (4)

Back 46

1.) Discovery of hydrothermal vents - 1977
2.) "Cold seeps" in Gulf of Mexico - 1990
3.) Comprehensive map of the sea floor - 1959
4.) Evidence of theory of plate tectonics (From continental drift) - 1960's

Front 47

What is the theory of plate tectonics?

Back 47

Combination of oceanic and continental plates

Front 48

Oceans occupy how much of Earth's surface?

Back 48

71%

Front 49

More than ___ of Earth's volume is inhabitable?

Back 49

99%

Front 50

Oceans provide ___ more space for life then land and freshwater environments?

Back 50

300X

Front 51

Planet "Earth" is a?

Back 51

Misnomer

Front 52

All known phyla originated?

Back 52

In the sea

Front 53

Later these organisms in the sea?

Back 53

Migrated to terrestrial and freshwater environments

Front 54

Today?

Back 54

There are more animal phyla in sea then on land (40 phyla most are marine)

Front 55

When did life originate?

Back 55

3,500 mya (3.5 bil)

Front 56

When did the earliest photosynthetic organisms evolve?

Back 56

2,800 mya (2.8 bil)

Front 57

These early photosynthetic organisms?

Back 57

1.) Can take light energy and make it into chemical energy
2.) Changes the composition of the ocean

Front 58

When did multicellular seaweed evolve?

Back 58

800 mya

Front 59

When did marine invertebrates evolve?

Back 59

540 mya

Front 60

When did elasmobranchs (Early fish) evolve?

Back 60

450 mya

Front 61

When did land plants evolve?

Back 61

420 mya

Front 62

What did land plants do?

Back 62

Changed atmospheric composition

Front 63

When did marine reptiles evolve?

Back 63

200 mya

Front 64

When did diatoms evolve?

Back 64

100 mya

Front 65

What are diatoms?

Back 65

Very small marine organisms, small siliceous shells

Front 66

When did seabirds evolve?

Back 66

60 mya

Front 67

When did marine mammals evolve?

Back 67

55 mya

Front 68

Why evolve first in the sea and not on land?

Back 68

Sea was a much more stable environment

Front 69

How was the sea stabler then air? (3)

Back 69

1.) Density of seawater
2.) Water is not limiting
3.) Seawater temperature does not fluctuate as dramatically as air

Front 70

The density of seawater?

Back 70

1.) Denser than air which makes it more supportive
2.) Reduces need for large skeletal systems, conserves energy

Front 71

Water is not limited?

Back 71

H2O is an important solvent and required for certain biological processes, water is all around the organisms in the sea

Front 72

Seawater temperature?

Back 72

H2O has a high heat capacity, hold more heat

Front 73

Living in seawater also presents some challenges such as? (4)

Back 73

1.) Light for photosynthesis is more limited in the sea
2.) Nutrients for photosynthesis is more limiting
3.) Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth
4.) Wide environmental fluctuations near sea surface (Temp., salinity, DO, turbulence, ect...)

Front 74

Why is light for photosynthesis more limited?

Back 74

1.) Light decreases with depth
2.) Most of ocean is dark

Front 75

Why are nutrients more limited?

Back 75

There are more on the bottom from decaying organisms but most on the surface are used right away

Front 76

What are the life zones in the marine environment?

Back 76

1.) Pelagic vs. benthic
2.) Neritic vs. oceanic

Front 77

What is pelagic?

Back 77

"Open sea"

Front 78

What is benthic?

Back 78

Bottom

Front 79

What does benthos refer to?

Back 79

All organisms on the sea floor

Front 80

What is neritic?

Back 80

Inshore to edge of continental shelf

Front 81

Neritic environments include?

Back 81

Tidal ranges, coral reefs, seagrass beds

Front 82

What is oceanic?

Back 82

Open ocean beyond the continental shelf

Front 83

Oceanic environments include?

Back 83

Hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Front 84

The oceanic environment can be divided into? (5)

Back 84

1.) Epipelagic
2.) Mesopelagic
3.) Bathypelagic
4.) Abyssopelagic
5.) Hedalpelagic

Front 85

Epipelagic? (3)

Back 85

1.) Surface to 200m
2.) Sharp gradients of temperature and salinity
3.) Lots of light

Front 86

Mesopelagic? (3)

Back 86

1.) 200m - 1000m
2.) Gradient changes in temperature and salinity
3.) Very little light

Front 87

Bathpelagic? (4)

Back 87

1.) 1000m - 4000m
2.) Temp range 2 - 4 degrees C
3.) Pressure very high
4.) Very dark

Front 88

Abyssopelagic? (5)

Back 88

1.) 4000m - seafloor
2.) Temp range 2 - 4 degrees C
3.) Pressure very high
4.) Extremely dark
5.) High nutrients

Front 89

Hedalpelagic?

Back 89

1.) Trenches (Marianna's)
2.) Canyons

Front 90

Where in the sea did life originate?

Back 90

Hydrothermal vents

Front 91

What are the general characteristics of hydrothermal vents? (4)

Back 91

1.) Very hot, up to 40.7 degrees C
2.) Rocky (Not flat)
3.) Densely populated by a few species (High biomass)
4.) Base of the food web (Chemosyntheticbacteria - archaebacteria)

Front 92

The origin of life is based on?

Back 92

The hydrothermal vent hypothesis

Front 93

What is the hydrothermal vent hypothesis? (4)

Back 93

1.) Organic compounds can be created, which can combine to create life
2.) Hydrothermal systems were common on early Earth
3.) Deepest oceans are protected from extinction events
4.) Bacteria at vents are the oldest lineages on Earth

Front 94

Organic compounds can be created, which can be combined to create life, how do we know? (4)

Back 94

1.) Mixing of sea water and vent fluid
2.) Energetically favorable to form organic compounds
3.) Amino acids may be created
4.) Theoretical evidence (calculations)

Front 95

Hydrothermal systems were common on early Earth and?

Back 95

Heat flow was 3X higher than today

Front 96

How are the deepest oceans protected from extinction events?

Back 96

Heavy bombardment of asteroids on early Earth and evaporated oceans to depths of ~3000m but the deepest parts were still safe.

Front 97

Are there other theories of life on Earth?

Back 97

Yes

Front 98

Of the incoming solar energy?

Back 98

1.) 50% is absorbed, scattered, and reflected by clouds and particles
2.) 50% is absorbed by the Earth's surface

Front 99

Of the 50% absorbed by Earth's surface?

Back 99

1.) 50% is infrared and UV radiation, most is absorbed and converted to heat in upper surface
2.) 50% is the visible spectrum

Front 100

The visible spectrum has wavelengths from?

Back 100

400 - 700 nm

Front 101

The visible spectrum is also known as?

Back 101

PAR or photosynthetically active radiation

Front 102

The lower and higher spectrum?

Back 102

1.) Lower spectrum is blues (~400's)
2.) Higher spectrum is reds (~700's)

Front 103

Penetration of visible light into sea water?

Back 103

Different wavelengths of the visible spectrum penetrate to different depths

Front 104

What light is absorbed first?

Back 104

Reds and oranges can usually penetrate ~20m before absorbed

Front 105

What light penetrates the deepest?

Back 105

Blues at ~140m of depth

Front 106

When SCUBA diving why does the marine environment look so blue?

Back 106

All wavelengths are being absorbed as the depth increases

Front 107

How does light intensity vary with depth?

Back 107

Light intensity decreases exponentially with depth

Front 108

Do environmental conditions effect how far light can go?

Back 108

Yes

Front 109

What factors might limit light penetration? (4)

Back 109

1.) Phytoplankton
2.) Zooplankton
3.) Suspended sediment
4.) Dissolved organic material (DOC - dissolved organic carbon)

Front 110

Why is temperature important? (4)

Back 110

1.) Influences the distribution of marine species
2.) Affects the rate of chemical reactions and biological processes (Metabolism and growth)
3.) Affects sea water density
4.) Influences the concentration of dissolved gases such as oxygen

Front 111

Do sea surface temperatures vary with latitude?

Back 111

Yes

Front 112

What is the average for all latitudes?

Back 112

17 degrees C

Front 113

How does temperature vary with depth?

Back 113

Temperature decreases reaching the thermocline then it decrease gradually below the thermocline to 2 - 4 degrees C (By a depth of 1000m)

Front 114

Usually above the thermocline there is?

Back 114

A mixed surface layer

Front 115

What is a thermocline?

Back 115

Abrupt change in temperature

Front 116

What are some physiological adaptions to temperature? (4)

Back 116

1.) Homeotherms
2.) Poikilotherms
3.) Eurythermic
4.) Stenothermic

Front 117

What are homeotherms?

Back 117

Can regulate body temp to a constant level, usually above sea water temperature

Front 118

Homeotherms regulating their body temperature?

Back 118

Requires a lot of energy to maintain a constant internal environment

Front 119

What are some examples of homeotherms?

Back 119

Marine mammals and marine birds

Front 120

What are poikilotherms?

Back 120

Conforms to the ambient temperature of sea water

Front 121

Poikilotherms which conform to temperature?

Back 121

Metabolic rate is influenced by temperature (Increase in temp, increase in metabolic and behavioral activities)

Front 122

What are some examples of poikilotherms?

Back 122

Marine inverts and most fishes

Front 123

What is eurythermic?

Back 123

Animals that can tolerate a wide temperature range, large distributions

Front 124

What are some examples of eurythermic?

Back 124

Whales, sharks, and some fishes

Front 125

What is stenothermic?

Back 125

Animals that can only tolerate narrow temperature ranges

Front 126

What are some examples of stenothermic?

Back 126

Manatees and corals

Front 127

Why is it important to know the properties of sea water? (5)

Back 127

1.) Effects distribution of marine species
2.) Osmotic balance
3.) Buoyancy of pelagic organisms
4.) Dissolved nutrients and gases
5.) Oceanic circulation

Front 128

What are some general properties of water?

Back 128

1.) Polarity
2.) High specific heat

Front 129

Polarity is?

Back 129

Asymmetry in charge

Front 130

Why is water polar?

Back 130

1.) Oxygen has a slightly negative charge due to unequal sharing of electrons
2.) Positive charge on hydrogen side of H2O is attracted to negative O side

Front 131

What is this chemical bond between a O of one water molecule and a H of another?

Back 131

Hydrogen bond

Front 132

The polarity of water?

Back 132

Enhances the ability of H2O to combine with ions or particles

Front 133

Water has a high specific heat?

Back 133

1.) At 15 degrees C, it takes 1 calorie to raise the temperature of pure water by 1 degree C (Takes a lot of heat to change temp)
2.) Water has a high heat capacity, which means seawater can store large amounts of heat

Front 134

What is in every 1000g of sea water?

Back 134

1.) ~965g is pure water
2.) 35g is dissolved material

Front 135

The 35g of dissolved material in 1000g of sea water includes? (4)

Back 135

1.) Salts (*Main factor*)
2.) Organic matter
3.) Gases
4.) Suspended particles such as plankton and mineral grains/sediment

Front 136

What is salt?

Back 136

1.) By weight, 86% of salt is NaCl
2.) The other 14% is other elements/ions

Front 137

How much of the 86% is sodium and chlorine?

Back 137

1.) 55% is Cl- (Heavier element)
2.) 31% is Na+

Front 138

The other 14% of salt includes?

Back 138

1.) Major elements
2.) Minor elements
3.) Trace elements

Front 139

The concentration of major elements?

Back 139

Is greater than 100 ppm

Front 140

What are the most common major elements? (5)

Back 140

1.) Sulfate (SO4 2-) 77%
2.) Magnesium (Mg 2+) 3.7%
3.) Calcium (Ca 2+) 1.16%
4.) Potassium (K+) 1.1%
5.) Bicarbonate (HCO3 -) 0.4%

Front 141

The concentration of minor elements?

Back 141

Is between 1 and 100 ppm

Front 142

What are the minor elements? (6)

Back 142

1.) Bromine
2.) Carbon
3.) Strontium
4.) Borate
5.) Silicon
6.) Fluorine

Front 143

The concentration of trace elements?

Back 143

Is less then 1 ppm

Front 144

What are the trace elements?

Back 144

1.) Nitrogen
2.) Phosphorus
3.) Iron

Front 145

What is salinity?

Back 145

Number of grams of dissolved inorganic solids in 1000g (1kg) of pure water

Front 146

Salinity is expressed in?

Back 146

0/00, parts per thousand (ppt) or practical salinity unit (psu)

Front 147

Salinity distribution?

Back 147

1.) Salinity range in open ocean is 33 - 37 psu (Average - 35)
2.) Influenced by climate

Front 148

How is salinity distribution influenced by climate?

Back 148

1.) Addition of freshwater from river input, rainfall and ice/snow melt makes salinity decrease
2.) Removal of water from evaporation and sea ice formation will make salinity increase

Front 149

What are some regions of high salinity?

Back 149

20 - 30 degrees N and S, Mediterranean Sea (40 psu) because evaporation is greater than precipitation

Front 150

What are some regions of low salinity?

Back 150

Polar regions, Baltic Sea (10 psu) because precipitation is greater than evaporation

Front 151

What is a residence time?

Back 151

Average time that a unit weight of substance spends in the ocean before it is lost to sediments or continents

Front 152

Why do Na+ and Cl- have constant ratios?

Back 152

Long residence times (millions of years) compared to the short mixing time of sea water, so the mixing homogenizes the elements

Front 153

How long does it take sea water to mix?

Back 153

1.) 300 years in Atlantic
2.) 600 years in Pacific

Front 154

Nitrogen and sulfur?

Back 154

Have short residence times and thus vary in proportion among locations, organisms also use both very rapidly

Front 155

How is salinity measured?

Back 155

1.) Conductivity
2.) Chlorinity
3.) Optical refractor

Front 156

Conductivity is?

Back 156

Measuring electrical current in sea water

Front 157

Chlorinity is?

Back 157

Measuring amount of chlorine by titration

Front 158

An optical refractor?

Back 158

Measures salt amount by amount of light refracted

Front 159

How does salinity vary with depth?

Back 159

Salinity changes to the halocline and then below the halocline falls to a constant

Front 160

What is a halocline?

Back 160

Abrupt change in salinity

Front 161

Salinity is more variable at the surface due to?

Back 161

The sea surface - atmospheric interactions

Front 162

Salinity is constant at?

Back 162

34.5 - 35.0 below the halocline

Front 163

In the mid-Atlantic 30 degrees N salinity?

Back 163

Will decrease to the halocline then become constant

Front 164

Near the poles salinity?

Back 164

Will increase to the halocline then become constant

Front 165

Where does sea water come from?

Back 165

1.) ~4.6 Ga (Billion years ago), star debris contained high amounts of hydrogen and oxygen, this combined to make H2O which was released into the atmosphere (Outgassing)
2.) As the atmosphere cooled, the H2O vapor liquefied and began to fill basins

Front 166

What other elements were released from the star debris?

Back 166

S, N, CO2, Cl-

Front 167

The Cl-?

Back 167

Combined with Na+ (From continental erosion) to produce salt

Front 168

In the last 2 billion years the volume and composition of the ocean?

Back 168

Has not changed

Front 169

Most marine organisms must maintain?

Back 169

Constant chemical conditions within cells (Functions of proteins)

Front 170

Changes in salinity can affect marine organisms though the processes of?

Back 170

Osmosis and diffusion

Front 171

What is osmosis?

Back 171

Movement of water across a membrane in the direction of higher salt concentration, creating osmotic pressure

Front 172

What is diffusion?

Back 172

The movement of substance (Ex. Salts) from an areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

Front 173

What are osmoregulators?

Back 173

An organism that regulates the concentration of dissolved ions in its body fluids in respect of change in sea water salinity

Front 174

How does this happen?

Back 174

They regulate the concentration of organic osmolytes

Front 175

What are osmolytes?

Back 175

Molecules that are used to control concentration of solutes

Front 176

What are some osmolytes?

Back 176

1.) Glucose and sucrose (In seaweeds and salt tolerant plants)
2.) Free amino acids (In marine inverts, bacteria and hagfishes)
3.) Urea (Cartilaginous fishes)

Front 177

Bony fish as osmoregulators?

Back 177

They maintain body fluids 1/3 to 1/4 that of seawater

Front 178

How do bony fish do this?

Back 178

1.) Osmosis would cause loss of water from body to sea water
2.) To compensate for being osmotically dilute, fish must drink substantial amounts of sea water and excrete the excess salts across the gills

Front 179

What is euryhaline?

Back 179

Species that can tolerate a wide range of salinites

Front 180

Euryhaline species?

Back 180

Can live in estuaries, brackish water, they are excellent osmoregulators, there is still a limit and optimal area (Ex. Blue crab - can live in a low salinity to a 10.

Front 181

What are osmoconformers?

Back 181

An organism whose body fluids changes directly with a change in the concentration of dissolved ions in the sea water (Sea stars and other echinoderms)

Front 182

Osmoconformers also?

Back 182

Have a very strict range of salinity

Front 183

Osmoconformers are?

Back 183

Stenohaline

Front 184

What is stenohaline?

Back 184

Can only tolerate a narrow salinity range

Front 185

What is sea water density?

Back 185

Ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume, expressed as g/cm^3

Front 186

Sea water density also?

Back 186

Varies from place to place depending on temperatures and salinity

Front 187

As salinity increase, density?

Back 187

Increases

Front 188

As salinity decreases, density?

Back 188

Decreases

Front 189

How do you calculate sea water density?

Back 189

Contour lines can be used to calculate density using an equation

Front 190

What equation can be used to calculate density?

Back 190

ϭt = density - 1 x 1000

Front 191

Density vs. depth?

Back 191

1.) Stratification
2.) Sinking of denser waters

Front 192

What is stratification?

Back 192

Water layers by density, less dense water on top, more dense (bottom water) on bottom

Front 193

Sinking of dense water?

Back 193

1.) Sinking surface water tends to be oxygen rich (usually during sea ice formation)
2.) Water less dense goes up the water column creating upwelling
Ex. High evaporation and sea ice formation

Front 194

How does density vary with depth?

Back 194

Density increase until the pycnocline then after it becomes constant

Front 195

What is the pycnocline?

Back 195

Abrupt transition in density

Front 196

What are the sources of oxygen in the sea?

Back 196

1.) Atmosphere
2.) Biological

Front 197

Why is the atmosphere a source of oxygen?

Back 197

Winds help mix atmospheric oxygen into the water (Greater the winds, better the mixing)

Front 198

Why is biological a source of oxygen?

Back 198

Photosynthesis

Front 199

Photosynthesis?

Back 199

6CO2 + 6H20 ---> C6H1206 + 6O2

Front 200

What is C6H12O6?

Back 200

Glucose the main product

Front 201

What is oxygen in that chemical equation?

Back 201

A byproduct

Front 202

Photosynthesis is greatest in the upper 200 m due to?

Back 202

Greatest light intensity

Front 203

What are the oxygen sinks or exits?

Back 203

1.) Respiration
2.) Decomposition

Front 204

What is respiration?

Back 204

Cellular process by which energy is released from the breakdown by organic compounds

Front 205

Respiration?

Back 205

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H20

Front 206

Do all organisms respire, including primary producers?

Back 206

Yes

Front 207

What is decomposition?

Back 207

Breakdown of organic material by microbes

Front 208

High decomposition can result in?

Back 208

Anoxic conditions

Front 209

Anoxic conditions?

Back 209

Low oxygen

Front 210

How does dissolved oxygen (DO) vary with depth?

Back 210

DO starts very high gradually dropping to a minimum before increasing

Front 211

What is photoinhibition?

Back 211

Primary producers at surface of water, photosynthesis is slowed a little from destruction of pigments

Front 212

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is highest near the surface due to?

Back 212

Atmospheric mixing and photosynthesis

Front 213

When is there a oxygen minimum zone?

Back 213

200 - 1000m

Front 214

Why is there a oxygen minimum zone?

Back 214

High decomposition from marine organisms

Front 215

Colder water?

Back 215

Holds more dissolved gases, sinking depth of DO from high latitudes at poles

Front 216

Atlantic has?

Back 216

More DO then Pacific

Front 217

Why is the ocean a two layer system?

Back 217

Abrupt physical and chemical changes in seawater produces two strata

Front 218

What are these abrupt physical and chemical changes? (4)

Back 218

1.) Thermocline (Temp.)
2.) Halocline (Salinity)
3.) Pycnocline (Density)
4.) Nutricline (Nutrients)

Front 219

Above the thermocline? (5)

Back 219

1.) Higher light intensity
2.) Well oxygenated
3.) Warmer
4.) Less dense
5.) Low in nutrients

Front 220

Below the thermocline? (6)

Back 220

1.) Low light intensity
2.) High salinity
3.) More dense
4.) Higher pressures (1 atm for every 10 m of water)
5.) Colder (2 - 4 degrees C)
6.) Abundant nutrients

Front 221

Stability of the two layered system?

Back 221

Two layers are stable because top layer has lower density than the colder more saline water below

Front 222

Why does this stability stay constant?

Back 222

1.) Mixing is hard to overcome (Ex. Oil and vinegar)
2.) Moving a dense medium into a less dense medium takes force (Usually not enough force)

Front 223

The two layer ocean is a general model not a universal one?

Back 223

Yes

Front 224

Why do shallow area lack stratification?

Back 224

A lot more mixing, wind at surface can help mix

Front 225

Why is the deep ocean so cold? (3)

Back 225

1.) Sea water at the poles freezes (-2 degrees C), salt is extruded ("brine")
2.) Brine is very dense, cold, and well oxygenated
3.) Brine sinks into deeper basins under gravity

Front 226

Arctic Ocean?

Back 226

1.) Deep basins fill and overflow (Arctic is shallow)
2.) Water flows into the Atlantic

Front 227

Why does the water flow into the Atlantic and not the Pacific?

Back 227

The Bering Straight keeps overflow from going into the Pacific

Front 228

The water that flows in the Atlantic from the Arctic is called?

Back 228

North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)

Front 229

In the Antarctic ocean?

Back 229

Brine sinks, cold, dense water flows into all ocean basins

Front 230

This water that flows into all the ocean basins from the Antarctic is called?

Back 230

Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)

Front 231

Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)?

Back 231

Is denser than North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)

Front 232

When the two flows meet?

Back 232

NADW flows over AABW

Front 233

Where does this tend to happen?

Back 233

At the tropics and subtropics

Front 234

The deep water is cold because?

Back 234

Of the cold, dense water that is produced from sea water near the poles, this water is also well oxygenated

Front 235

Why is this water well oxygenated?

Back 235

1.) DO saturation is high as the brine sinks
2.) DO is not used by organisms as it sinks since it sinks quickly

Front 236

What replaces the cold water flowing from the polar seas?

Back 236

It is replaced by surface sea water from the tropics

Front 237

The surface sea water from the tropics?

Back 237

1.) Water is warm and carries heat
2.) The influx of heat keeps the poles from getting colder and colder

Front 238

The tropical water is then?

Back 238

Replaced by cold dense water from the poles

Front 239

This creates?

Back 239

The circular pattern known as thermohaline circulation

Front 240

What is the biological significance of surface circulation?

Back 240

1.) Circulation influences the distribution of marine species, especially larvae and pelagics
2.) Circulation patterns and mixing produces regions of differing productivity, which in turn influences food webs

Front 241

Sea surface currents are controlled by two things?

Back 241

1.) Planetary wind system
2.) Earth's rotation

Front 242

To understand currents we need to?

Back 242

Understand how winds are generated and influenced by Earth's rotation

Front 243

Planetary wind system? (6)

Back 243

1.) Equatorial regions receive intense solar energy (Based on distance from sun)
2.) Warm, moist air rises and expands (Pressure lowers because there are less air molecules)
3.) Air mass cools as it reaches troposphere, less capacity to hold water causing precipitation along equator
4.) Air mass spreads toward poles
5.) As it spread, it cools and sinks back down to the surface at ~30 degrees N and S (High pressure, very dry)
6.) Some of the sinking air moves back towards the equator, producing the trade winds

Front 244

What are the cells at the equator called?

Back 244

Hadley cells

Front 245

What are the cells at ~30 to ~60 degrees N and S called?

Back 245

Ferrel cells

Front 246

What are the cells at the poles (90 degrees) to ~60 degrees called?

Back 246

Polar cells

Front 247

The areas near the equator where the trade winds die out are called?

Back 247

Doldrums

Front 248

Movement of wind?

Back 248

Is affected by the rotation of the Earth

Front 249

This causes the wind to?

Back 249

Travel in a curved path

Front 250

This kind of effect is called?

Back 250

Coriolis effect

Front 251

There is a higher velocity?

Back 251

At the equator then the poles

Front 252

Particles moving from the equator to the poles will?

Back 252

Have greater momentum from the higher velocity, then the H2O into which it is moving

Front 253

Particles moving from the poles to the equator will?

Back 253

Lag behind from the slower velocity, then the H2O into which it is moving

Front 254

Particles in the Northern hemisphere?

Back 254

Will deflect to the right

Front 255

Particles in the Southern hemisphere?

Back 255

Will deflect to the left