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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Morphological Adaptations to bipedalsim |
Widening at the lower vertebrae to bare weight.---Foramen magnum (where the head connects with the brain/skull) is positioned underneath the skull, whereas in a quadruped it is positioned towards the back of the skull.---Pelvis is basin-shaped with a short, broad ilium. |
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Morphological Adaptations to bipedalsim |
---Center of gravity falls on one leg when walking.---Gluteal muscles are re positioned to aid in support.---Femur angled at the hip to the knee because the angle places feet below the center of gravity.---The bottom of the femur (femoral condyles) is enlarged as is the tibia (shin bone).---Skeleton evolved changes that anatomically facilitate balancing to save energy. |
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
Discovered in 2001 by an expidition lead by Michel Brunet, tchadensis lived in Chad 7-6 million years ago, non honing (CP3) complex with no diastema, Foramen magnum placed anteriorly, U-shaped dental arcade, small brain, thin enamel
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Australopithecus anamensis |
Found in Kenya and lived 4.2-3.9 MYA, has evidence of bipedality, U-shaped dental arcade, CP3 complex, thick enamel
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Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy) |
Found in Hadar, Ethiopia and Laetoli, and Tarzania 3.9-2.9 MYA, flat cranial base, U-shaped dental arcade, thorax is funnel shaped, femus angled towards knee, sexual dimorphism, sagital crest, temporal nuchal crest
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Australopithecus africanus |
Found in South Africa dated about 3.5-2 MYA, more pneumatized (air filled cavities) and flexible cranial base, similar to A. afarensis, large molars & mandible, 65 to 95 lbs., rounded vault w/o cranial crest, flatter face, smaller teeth |
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Australopithecus robustus |
2.0-1.5 MYA found in Kromdraai in South Africa, Highly specialized teeth and jaws, aka "chewing machines," high bite force for grinding, many features of the skull are related to chewing adaptation |
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Australopithecus boisei |
2.3-1.2 MYA found in East Africa, between 75-110 lbs.,
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Homo habilis |
1.4-1.9 MYA "the skilled handyman," may have longer upper limbs, having small-brained crania, reduced facial size, a parabolic palate |
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Homo erectus |
1.8-1.9 MYA in Africa, bigger brain and body, smaller teeth size
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Sagittal Crest |
Bony crest running lengthwise down the center of cranium on the parietal bones; for the attachment of the temporalis muscles
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Compound Temporonuchal Crest |
Bony crest at the back of the skull formed when and enlarged temporalis muscle approaches enlarged neck (nuchal) muscles, present in apes and A. afarensis
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gracile/robust Australopithecines |
Gracile are generalist in adapting to many foods. Robust have specialized chewing for hard food. Both bipedal.
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Dental Arcade Shape |
The parabolic arc that forms the upper or lower row of teeth
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Tooth Enamel Thickness |
Early hominins have somewhat thicker enamel than apes do, characterizing hominins. Thick enamel varies as evolution led to adapting to certain foods. |
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Characteristics of Homo |
Superorbital torus: ridge above the eye orbits. Angular Torus: ridge of bone on the back of the parietal Sagittal keel: thickening of bone along the sagittal suture that joins the two parietals **No Chin, long thick bones, forehead has low sloping, skull widest at base, angular vault, shovel shaped incisors, |
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Oldowan Tools |
The tool industry characterized by simple, usually uni-facial core and flake tools
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Acheulean Tools |
2.5 MYA Stone tool industry of the early and middle Pleistocene characterized by the presence of bi-facial hand axes and cleavers. this industry is made by a number of Homo species, including H. erectus and early H. sapiens
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Movius Line |
The line that separates between areas of the Old World in which Acheulean technology occurs and those in which it does not; named by archaeologist Hallam Movious (tear-drop-shaped)
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