Biologi

Front 1

Anthers

Back 1

Floral structure that produces pollen grains

Front 2

Nectary

Back 2

A sweet liquid that plant produce in flower to attract insect in a flower

Front 3

Diploid

Back 3

When a two gametes or sex cells fuse, the full number of chromosomes is restored to form a ... zygot

Front 4

Petal

Back 4

Floral structure that has a function to attract insects for pollination is

Front 5

Filament

Back 5

Stamen's " stalk " structure

Front 6

Ovules

Back 6

The structure in carpels which contains ovum or female gametes

Front 7

Micropyle

Back 7

On arrival at the ovary, the end of the pollen tube enters an ovule through a small hole

Front 8

Meiosis

Back 8

Is a form of cell division that occurs during gametes production in which the number of chromosomes is halved (also known as "reduction division")

Front 9

Asexual Reproduction

Back 9

A way of reproduction of genetically identical offspring frome one parent

Front 10

Cross Pollination

Back 10

This is when pollen grains are transfered from an anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species

Front 11

Water

Back 11

An environment condition which could germination by activating the enzyme on the seed. what is it?

Front 12

Gametes

Back 12

Male or female sex cells is called... these structure is involved in sexual reproduction

Front 13

Wind-pollinated

Back 13

A flower with a small and light pollen in vast quantities and usually has small or no petals is ...

Front 14

Stigma

Back 14

Floral structure that is a surface on which the pollen landing during pollination is

Front 15

Stamen

Back 15

Anther and filament structure

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Sepal

Back 16

Floral structure that protects the flower when in bud

Front 17

Style

Back 17

Floral structure that allows the passage of the pollen tube to ovary is

Front 18

Insect-polinated

Back 18

A flower that has large,colourful,scented petals with the presence of nectar and nectar guide is a

Front 19

Zygote

Back 19

This formed when two nuclei of sex cells (gametes) are fused what is it

Front 20

Mitosis

Back 20

In asexual reproduction it involves cell division almost always by this process

Front 21

Sexual-reproduction

Back 21

A way of reproduction when the fusion of nuclei of gametes occurs to produce a genetically different offspring(zygote) is called this

Front 22

Ovary

Back 22

The floral structure in the carpels which lie the ovules in it are called this

Front 23

Pollen tube

Back 23

Germination of the pollen grains after the pollination involves the growth of a structure called a... which reduces enzymes of its tip digest the cell in the style

Front 24

Self-pollination

Back 24

Pollen grains from an anther of a flower that is transfered or fall on the same stigma on the same flower or on to the stigma of anther flower in a same plant is describe as...

Front 25

Suitable Temperature

Back 25

An environmental condition which affects germination by providing a ... ... for enzymes in the seed to work / operate efficiently

Front 26

Oxygen

Back 26

An environmental factor or condition which affects germination by allowing release of a great deal of energy from respiration to fuel the greatly increased growth rate. What is the factor

Front 27

Uses of sex

Back 27

Make new organism or generation or individual or offspring

Front 28

Percentage of organism that reproduce sexually

Back 28

99%

Front 29

Key different between sexual and asexual reproduction

Back 29

Sexual reproduction needs fusions of gametes while asexual reproduction make a genetic clone while sexual reproduction organism is a bit different

Front 30

Various method of asexual reproduction

Back 30

Fragmentation, budding vegetative, binary fission, parthenogenesis or arthropods

Front 31

If organism can use asexual why use sexual ?

Back 31

Gene variation makes a population of an organism less susceptible to disease and more able to survive if condition goes crappy

Front 32

What is the red queen hypothesis

Back 32

It takes all the running you can do to keep in the same place

Front 33

How is the red queen hypothesis linked to advantages coffer by sexual reproduction

Back 33

Keep up with predators, the variation genes is one of the way to keep up a species as the environmental condition can continuosly changing and would wiped out a whole species that probably all of those species that reproduce sexually has the same genetic type, therefore to survive in continuously changing environment sexual reproduction can be beneficial. Although it requires energy and takes more time.

Front 34

Adaptation for leaf in desert

Back 34

Thin waxy cuticle

Front 35

Direction of particle movements of simple diffusion, facilated diffusion, osmosis and active transport

Back 35

Againsts concentration gradient

Front 36

Needs of energy in simple diffusion, facilated diffusion, osmosis and active

Back 36

Only active transport need it

Front 37

What kind of molecule is in simple diffusion

Back 37

Unchanged molecules, small sizes and non-polar molecules (CO2,H2O,urea,etc)

Front 38

What kind of molecule is in facilated diffusion

Back 38

Unchanged molecules, small sizes and non-polar molecules (CO2,H2O,urea,etc)

Front 39

What kind of molecules are in osmosis

Back 39

Water (solvent)

Front 40

What kind of molecules are in active transport

Back 40

Ions/charged molecule, large molecule (molecule with high mass /MW)

Front 41

Structure of simple diffusion

Back 41

Could involve semipermeable membrane or not

Front 42

Structure of facilated diffusion

Back 42

Using protein channel

Front 43

Structure of osmosis

Back 43

Involve semi permeable

Front 44

Structure of active transpot

Back 44

Using protein pump or protein carrier

Front 45

Example of simple diffusion in daily life

Back 45

You drop an ink into a glass of water or you spray a deodorizer to a room

Front 46

Example of facilated diffusion in daily life

Back 46

Water enters the root cell using aquaporin(protein channel)

Front 47

Example of osmosis in daily life

Back 47

A potato cut increase on its mass and length after submerged in a bowl full of tap water

Front 48

Example of active transport in daily life

Back 48

Glucose absorbed by the epithelial cells in the vili of small intestines

Front 49

Cholera pathogen

Back 49

The bacterium reproduce a toxin that causes the secretion of chloride ions into a small intestine,drawing in water by osmosis

Front 50

Rate of transpiration as humidity increase

Back 50

Decrease

Front 51

Back 51

Water loss is greater than water uptake

Front 52

Controlled exercise is a method of

Back 52

Method of reducing the risk of coronary heart disease

Front 53

Sequence of nerve cells through which an impulse passes during a reflex action

Back 53

R-P-Q

Front 54

Ribosome

Back 54

Plant cells that build protein molecules under the control of nucleus

Front 55

Nitrogen fixation

Back 55

Process carried out by bacteria in the root nudules of leguminous plants

Front 56

Genetic engineering

Back 56

A gene for insulin is taken from a human cell and place in a bacterium. The bacterium can then make human insulin

Front 57

Stomata

Back 57

Can be a place to lost water vapor in the leaves

Front 58

As water vapour is lost from the leaves this reduces

Back 58

Water potential

Front 59

Water molecules are attracted to each other by

Back 59

Cohesion

Front 60

Walls of the xylem vessel by

Back 60

Adhesion

Front 61

What is 1, 2 and 3

Back 61

1 is xylem 2 is floem 3 is midrib

Front 62

What is x,p,q,r,s

Back 62

X = waxy layer cuticle

P = upper epidermis

Q = palisade mesophyll

R = xylem

S = floem

Front 63

Effect of air movement (wind speed) on transpiration rate of plants

Back 63

Up

Front 64

What is this thing called? And its function

Back 64

Potometer, to measure rate of water by the plant and not rate of transpiration

Front 65

Two structure features which plants have in dry environment to survive and adapt

Back 65

Small surface area and less stomata

Front 66

Are xylem vessel living or dead structures? Give one answer for your reason

Back 66

Dead structure do not have protoplasm

Front 67

Main function of xylem vessel

Back 67

1)conducting water and dissolve mineral salts from the roots to the stems and leaves,

2)providing mechanical support for the plants

Front 68

3 ways xylem vessels can adapt to their function

Back 68

1) no protoplasm to offer resistance to water flow

2)xylem vessel has an empty lumen without protoplasm or end walls to resist water flow through the xylem

3)its walls are thickened with lignin (har and rigid substance) prevents the collapse of the vessel

4)mechanical support to the plant

Front 69

Path of water takes through a plant experiment

Back 69

1)celery plant and wash to remove soil

2)plant's stem immersed in red diluted ink(or methylene blue solution)

3) after a few hours red ink has risen up. Cut thin transverse section of the stem and see it under microscope and see that xylem tissue stained red

Front 70

Translocation

Back 70

Transport of manufactured food substance such as sugar and amino acid in plants

Front 71

Ringing experiment

Back 71

1. cut off a complete ring of bark including the phloem and cambium from the main stem of a woody twig (e.g. Hibiscus) This will leave the xylem exposed. Place the twig in water with the cut ring above the water level

2. Set up a control using an unringed twig

3. Observe the twigs daily. Note where roots or swellings appear Make drawings of your observations. the phloem? .

Front 72

Root pressure

Back 72

Water passes from the living cells into the xylem vessels by osmosis and flow upwards with help of capillary action and transpiration pull

Front 73

Capillary action

Back 73

Water tends to move up inside very narrow tubes (capilary tubes) due to interraction between water molecules and the surface of the tube and upward movement of water in small plants

Front 74

Transpiration

Back 74

Loss of water vapour from a plant, mainly through the stomata of the leaves

Front 75

Transpiration pulls

Back 75

Suction force due to transpiration

Front 76

Transpiration steam

Back 76

Stream of water up the plant

Front 77

Back 77

Transpiration

Front 78

Cuticular transpiration

Back 78

Small amount of water evaporates from surface of epidermal cells

Front 79

Importance of transpiration

Back 79

Transpiration pull draws water and mineral salts from the roots to the stems and leaves.

Evaporation of water from the cells in the leaves removes latent heat of vaporisation. This cools the plant, preventing it from being scorched by the hot sun.

water transported to the leaves can be used in photosynthesis; to keep cells turgid; and to replace water lost the cells. Turgid cells keep the leaves spread out widely to trap sunlight for photosynthesis.

(Pls memorize this)

Front 80

Rate of transportation

Back 80

Loss in mass (g)

_________________ = g/h

Time taken (h)

Front 81

Factor effect on transpiration

Back 81

Humidity of the air

Wind or air movement

Temperature of the air

Light

Front 82

Wilting

Back 82

Transpiration rate exceed the rate of absorbtion of water by the roots or soft stems ( Balsam plants ) mesophyll cells lose water

Front 83

Advantage of wilting

Back 83

Reducing the rate of transpiration (stomata close and guard cells flaccid)

Front 84

Disadvantage of wilting

Back 84

Photosynthesis reduce because water is rare and because stomata is closed then carbon dioxide also reduce and because folding leaf reduces surface area exposed to the sun

Front 85

Blood group A antigen? Antibody?

Back 85

A,b

Front 86

Blood group B antigen? Antibody?

Back 86

B,a

Front 87

Group AB antigen? Antibody

Back 87

AB, non

Front 88

Blood group o antigen? Antibody?

Back 88

Non, a and b

Front 89

Function of BLOOD

Back 89

1) transport medium carrying substance

2) against disease carrying organism (pathogens)

3) blood clotting seals wound prevent bacteria in blood stream

Front 90

Blood system as transportation system consist of?

Back 90

Blood vessel through entire body

Blood

Heart ensure fluid flowing through vessels

Front 91

What consist in blood

Back 91

55% plasma

45% blood cells(corpuscle) and platelets

Front 92

Main constituent of blood

Back 92

Plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Front 93

Plasma

Back 93

Yellow liquid 90% water

Soluble protein of fibrinogen pathogen antibodies, hydrogen carbonates (calcium for blood clotting), food substances, excretory products,hormones(insulin)

Front 94

Red blood cell or erythrocytes

Back 94

Pigment haemoglobin(iron containing protein) combine reversibly with o2 enabling rbc to transport o2 from lungs to all cells of the body

Biconcave disk(shape) absorb and release faster rate

Not posses nucleus

Elastic

Front 95

White blood cells or leucocytes

Back 95

700(rbc): 1(wbc) 5000-10000

Colourless, does not contain haemoglobin, irregular shape and contain nucleus, move and change shape, fight disease, lifespan only days, two main kinds of this : lymphocyte and phagocyte

Front 96

Lymphocytes

Back 96

Large rounded nucleus and relatively small of non-granular cytoplasm and produces antibodies

Front 97

Phagocytes

Back 97

Ingest foreign particle like bacteria

Front 98

Blood platelets or thrombocytes

Back 98

Not true cell, membrane-bound fragments of cytoplasm from certain bone marrow cell and clots blood

Front 99

Blood transport oxygen to cells of the body

Back 99

O2 diffuses from alveoli into the blood, haemoglobin(purplish -red) in the rbc combines with o2 ( combining happens in lungs) to make oxyhaemoglobin(bright light) and as blood passes oxyhaemoglobin release its o2

Front 100

Protective function of blood

Back 100

Blood clotting

Phagocytosis

Antibody production

Front 101

Haemophillia

Back 101

Normal blood clotting greatly impaired can cause exsanguination(or to bleed to death)