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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Restriction endonuclease
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Enzymes that cleave DNA at specific nucleotide sequences
-Sequence recognized is often 4-6 nt long |
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Isochizomer
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Restriction enzymes that recognize the same target sequence but do not make the same cut
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Temperate phage
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Bacteriophages that choose between lytic and lysogenic pathways of development
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Plaque
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Reveals the presence of virus-infected bacterial cells growing in a lawn on an agar plate
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Genomic library
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Collection of DNA from a single organism, not necessarily containing its entire genomic DNA
-DNA from source of interested is divided into multiple fragments packaged in cloning vectors that carries a portion -Vectors can be inserted into host organisms for amplification and retrieval |
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Taq polymerase
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Thermostable DNA poly named after thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquatics
-Frequently used in PCR for amplifying short segments of DNA |
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Transition/transversion mutation
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Point mutations
Transition: changes purine to another purine (A, G), or pyrimidine to another pyrimidine (C, T) Transversion: substitution of purine for pyrimidine or vice versa; more drastic consequences |
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STS
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Sequence-tagged sites
-Short DNA sequence with a single occurrence in the genome whose location and base sequence are known -Easily detected by PCR with specific primers -Useful for constructing genetic and physical maps from sequence data from different labs -Landmarks on developing physical map of genome |
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SNP
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Single nucleotide polymorphism
-DNA sequence variation when a single nucleotide differs between members of a biological species or of paired chromosomes -Almsot all common ones have only two alleles -Usually occur in non-coding regions -Can be predicted by presence of microsatellites -Usually used to find out whether individuals carry alleles (ex. to find drug susceptibility) --> detection on PAGE |
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5'-UTR and 3'-UTR
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Untranslated regions, on ends of mRNA, not translater into protein
5': from transcription start site to just before ATG translation initiation codon, sequences for regulating translation efficiency or mRNA stability 3': sequences for regulation of translation efficiency, mRNA stability, and polyadenylation signals |
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Exon, intron
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Exon: any nucleotide sequence encoded by a gene that remains present within the final mature RNA product of that gene after removal of introns by RNA splicing, coding portion
-DNA sequence and RNA sequence Intron: any nucleotide sequence within a gene that's removed by RNA splicing while the final mature RNA product of a gene is being generated, non-coding -Both the DNA sequence within a gene and the corresponding RNA sequence |
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Codon bias
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Differences in frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons in coding DNA
-Degeneracy of the genetic code |
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Homolog
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The most closely related genes
-Orthologs -Paralogs |
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Paralog
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Genes that are related by gene duplication events in a genome
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Ortholog
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Homologs that are the same genetic locus inherited from a common ancestor
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Genome
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Entirety of an organism's hereditary information
-Encoded in either DNA or RNA (virus) -Includes both genes and non-coding sequences of DNA/RNA |
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Transcriptome
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Set of all RNA molecules including mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and other non-coding RNA in one or a pop'n of cells
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Proteome
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Entire set of proteins expressed by a genome, cell, tissue or organism at a certain time
-Set of expressed proteins in a given type of cells or an organism at a given time under defined conditions |
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Contig
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A set of overlapping DNA segments that together represent a consensus region of DNA
-Bottom-up sequencing: overlapping sequence data -Top-down sequencing: overlapping clones that form a physical map of the genome used to guide sequencing and assembly |
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"Counting experiment"
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Identifying overabundant transcripts in a mutant, comparing mutant and wt mRNA - cDNA - Solexa
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EST
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Expressed sequence tag
-Short sub-sequence of a cDNA sequence -Can be used to identify gene transcripts, instrumental in gene discovery and gene sequence determination -Result of one-shot sequencing of cloned cDNA |
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Common ancestor
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Infers common descent of a group of organisms
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Protein domain
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Conserved part of a given protein sequence and structure that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain
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Protein family
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Group of evolutionarily-related proteins
-Descended from a common ancestor and have similar 2-D structures, functions, and significant sequence similarity |
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Synteny
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Physical co-localization of genetic loci on the same chromosome within an individual or species
-Related to genetic linkage |
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Epitope
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Small region of AA sequence of antigen recognized by antibody
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Antibody
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Immunoglobulin
-Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells -Used by immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects -Recognizes epitope of foreign target (antigen) |
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Antigen
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A substance that evokes the production of antibodies
-Can be from external enviro or formed within the body -Immune sys will try to destroy or neutralize it if recognized as foreign and harmful |
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Ribozyme
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RNAs with enzymatic activity, ex. self-splicing introns
-Proof of an RNA world |
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Knockout
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Make a gene no longer active
-Ex. stick another gene inside to break it up (insertional mutagenesis) -On/off switch |
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Knock-down
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Not interrupting the DNA but instead inserting the complementary gene which is incorporated into RISC and results in many produced transcripts getting degraded after matching to RISC proteins
-Can regulate rate at which you produce gene without completely knocking out -Dimer switch (or off depending on how much RNAi made) |
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Nucleosome
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-Basic unit of DNA packaging in EU
-Segment of DNA wound in sequence around 4 histone protein cores |
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Histone
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-Alkaline proteins found in EU cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes
-Chief protein components of chromatin |
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Post-translational modification
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Chemical modification of protein after translation
-Later step of protein biosynthesis and gene expression |
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COS
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For circularization and packaging of viral DNA in a bacteriophage
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