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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What does the Peripheral Nervous System include?
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It includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves that arise from the brain
and 31 pairs of spinal nerves that arise from the spinal cord |
Pg. 105
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What type of nerve classifications are the all spinal nerves?
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Mixed Nerves
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Pg. 105
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How can the motor axons in the PNS be activated?
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They can be activated by association neurons in the CNS
and Through reflex arcs involving sensory neurons |
Pg. 105
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Where specifically do the 12 pairs of cranial nervous arise?
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2 pairs arise from neuron cell bodies in the forebrain.
and 10 pairs arise from the midbrain and hindbrain |
Pg. 105
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How are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves designated?
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By where they arise in the spinal cord
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Pg. 105
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What are the specific designations of the spinal nerves?
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1. 8 cervical
2. 12 thoracic 3. 5 lumbar 4. 5 sacral 5. 1 coccygeal |
Pg. 105
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What is the term for region where axons from different levels of the spinal cord come together?
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Plexuses
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Pg. 105
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Why can plexuses give rise to nerves that can be quite large?
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Because they contain axons from different spinal cord levels
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Pg. 105
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What nerve is a great example of a plexus?
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The Sciatic Nerve
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Pg. 105
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What kinds of functions do Spinal Nerves provide?
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Sensory functions
and Motor functions |
Pg. 105
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Why is each spinal nerve a mixed nerve?
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Because it is composed of sensory and motor axons
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Pg. 106
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Where do the 2 different kinds of axons composing spinal nerves separate?
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They separate near the root of the nerve in the spinal cord
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Pg. 106
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Where specifically do the sensory axons of the spinal cord arise?
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The enter the spinal cord on the Dorsal side (back side)
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Pg. 106
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Where specifically do the motor axons of the spinal cord arise?
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The exit on the Ventral side (Belly side)
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Pg. 106
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What do the sensory neurons of the spinal nerve form?
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The Dorsal Root
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Pg. 106
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What do the motor neurons of the spinal nerve form?
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The Ventral Root
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Pg. 106
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What kind of neurons can stimulate motor neurons?
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Sensory Neurons
or Association Neurons |
Pg. 106
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What does stimulation of spinal motor neurons by association neurons allow for?
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It allows for Motor Control
and Reflex Activity |
Pg. 106
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What is the specific name of the association neurons that stimulate spinal motor neurons allowing for motor control?
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Upper Motor Neurons
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Pg. 106
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What do somatic motor neurons stimulate?
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Skeletal Muscles
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Pg. 106
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What are Somatic Motor Neurons also called?
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Lower Motor Neurons
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Pg. 106
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What do the neuron cell bodies of the sensory neurons in a spinal nerve grouped together form and what are these structures called?
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They form a bulge in the dorsal roots of each spinal nerve
and They are called the Dorsal Root Ganglia |
Pg. 106
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Where do somatic motor neurons hall their cell bodies?
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They have their cell bodies in the gray matter of the spinal cord.
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Pg. 106
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What kinds of motor neurons participate in spinal reflexes?
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Somatic Motor Neurons
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Pg. 106
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What is the term given for the simplest spinal reflex?
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Monosynaptic Muscle Stretch Reflex
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Pg. 106
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Why is the simplest spinal reflex monosynaptic?
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Because only one synapse is crossed in the CNS.
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Pg. 106
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What is the best-known example of a monosynaptic muscle stretch reflex?
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The Knee-Jerk Reflex
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Pg. 106
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In the knee-jerk reflex, when the patellar ligament is struck with a rubber mallet a quick stretch is produced in the quadriceps femoris muscle. What does the quick stretch of the muscles serve as a stimulus for and what is this structure called?
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It serves as a stimulus for the muscle stretch receptor
and It is known as the Muscle Spindle |
Pg. 106
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What does each muscle spindle contain?
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It contains several thin muscle fibers.
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Pg. 106
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What is the name of the thin muscle fibers found within a muscle spindle?
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Intrafusal Fibers
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Pg. 106
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What structure is stimulated when a muscle spindle is stretched?
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Sensory Dendrites
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Pg. 106
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What is produced when stretching of the spindle stimulates sensory dendrites around the intrafusal fibers?
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Action Potentials are produced and are conducted by the sensory neuron into the spinal cord.
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Pg. 106
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What is inhibited when a muscle is stretched slowly?
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Contraction
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Pg. 107
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What receptor is activated in the inhibitory contraction reflex when a muscle is stretched?
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The Golgi Tendon Organ
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Pg. 107
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What are muscles that produce opposing movements of bones at a joint called?
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Antagonistic Muscles
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Pg. 107
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What is Stimulation of the motor neurons to the agonist muscle and inhibition of the motor neurons to the antagonist muscle known as?
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Reciprocal Innervation
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Pg. 107
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What is each skeletal muscle fiber stimulated by?
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Each skeletal muscle fiber is stimulated by one somatic motor neuron.
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Pg. 107
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What is a synapse between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber called?
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A Neuromuscular Junction
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Pg. 107
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What kind of ACh receptors do skeletal muscles have?
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Nicotinic ACh receptors
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Pg. 107
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What is formed from muscle fibers and the somatic motor neurons that innervate the fibers?
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A Motor Unit
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Pg. 108
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What must be achieved if a stronger muscle contraction is desired and what is this called?
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More and larger motor units must be activated
and This process is called Recruitment |
Pg. 108
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What do smaller motor units achieve?
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They achieve a finer degree of neural control over the muscle’s contraction
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Pg. 108
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What is the Autonomic Nervous System composed of?
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Parasympathetic and Sympathetic motor Neurons
and The brain regions that regulate their activities |
Pg. 108
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What function do the Preganglionic Autonomic Neurons serve?
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They send axons out of the CNS to ganglia
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Pg. 108
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What function do the Postganglionic Autonomic Neurons serve?
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They send axons from the ganglia to the effector cells they innervate
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Pg. 108
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What do Somatic Motor Neurons Innervate?
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Voluntary Skeletal Muscle
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Pg. 108
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What do Autonomic Motor Neurons Innervate?
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Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle and Glands
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Pg. 108
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How many neurons are in the efferent pathway extending to skeletal muscle fibers in its motor unit?
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1 Neuron
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Pg. 109
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How many autonomic neurons are in the efferent pathway to the involuntary effector cells?
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2 Autonomic Neurons
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Pg. 109
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What are the autonomic neurons called that regulate involuntary effector cells?
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Postganglionic Neurons
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Pg. 109
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What stimulates postganglionic neurons?
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Preganglionic Neurons
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Pg. 109
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Where do preganglionic neurons have their cell body?
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In the CNS
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Pg. 109
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What ganglionic neuron type synapses with the effector cells?
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Postganglionic Neurons
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Pg. 109
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What division of the autonomic nervous system has chains of ganglia?
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The Sympathetic Division
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Pg. 109
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What can the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system also be called?
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The Thoracolumbar Division
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Pg. 109
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Why is the Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system also called the Thoracolumbar division?
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Because it’s preganglionic neurons have cell bodies in each level of the spinal cord from the first thoracic to the second lumbar levels.
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Pg. 109
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Where do the preganglionic axons exit?
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At each spinal level they exit in the ventral roots of the spinal nerve.
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Pg. 109
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Where do the preganglionic axons synapse with the postganglionic neurons?
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In the Sympathetic Ganglion
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Pg. 109
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What happens when the preganglionic axons enter the sympathetic ganglia?
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The axons branch to form collaterals that travel up and down the sympathetic chain of ganglia, synapsing with postganglionic neurons at different levels.
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Pg. 110
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What is one body location where some preganglionic axons enter the chain of ganglia but don’t synapse there?
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In the Abdomen
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Pg. 110
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Where do some abdominal preganglionic axons synapse?
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They synapse with 3 Collateral Sympathetic Ganglia associated with the digestive tract.
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Pg. 110
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Where are the adrenal glands located?
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Above each Kidney
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Pg. 110
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What is the outer part of the adrenal gland called?
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The Adrenal Cortex
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Pg. 110
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What is the inner part of the adrenal gland called?
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The Adrenal Medulla
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Pg. 110
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What is the adrenal medulla derived from?
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The embryonic neural crest
or The same tissue that gives rise to the ganglia of the PNS |
Pg. 110
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What type of axons stimulate the inner part of the adrenal gland to secrete adrenaline?
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Preganglionic sympathetic axons
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Pg. 110
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What does the secretion of epinephrine from the inner part of the adrenal gland accompany?
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It accompanies the activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS.
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Pg. 110
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What name is given for the sympathetic division of the ANS and adrenal medulla function?
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Sympathoadrenal System
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Pg. 110
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What Autonomic Nervous System division has terminal ganglia?
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The Parasympathetic Division
or The Craniosacral Division |
Pg. 110
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Why is the Parasympathetic division of the ANS also called the Craniosacral division?
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Because it’s preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord.
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Pg. 110
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True or Flase. Parasympathetic Ganglia are arranged in a chain just like the sympathetic ganglia.
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Flase. They are not in a chain.
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Pg. 110
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Where are the terminal ganglia located?
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Next to the organs they serve
or Within the organs they serve |
Pg. 110
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Where do preganglionic parasympathetic axons that travel within several cranial nerves synapse?
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They synapse in terminal ganglia near the eyeballs, salivary glands and lacrimal glands.
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Pg. 111
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Where do the preganglionic parasympathetic axons in the oculomotor nerve synapse?
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The Ciliary Region
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Pg. 111
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What happens when the iris of the eye receives parasympathetic stimulation?
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It Constricts, making the pupil smaller.
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Pg. 111
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What happens when the iris of the eye receives sympathetic stimulation?
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It Dilates, making the pupil larger.
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Pg. 111
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Where do the preganglionic neurons of cranial nerve X have their cell bodies?
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In the Medulla Oblongata
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Pg. 111
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What does the preganglionic neurons of the Autonomic Nervous System release and what does it stimulate?
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ACh
and It stimulates the postganglionic neurons |
Pg. 111
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What do postganglionic sympathetic axons release?
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Norepinephrine
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Pg. 111
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What type of effect is produced when postganglionic sympathetic axons release Norepinephrine?
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An Adrenergic effect
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Pg. 111
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What do postganglionic parasympathetic axons release?
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ACh
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Pg. 111
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What type of effect is produced when postganglionic parasympathetic axons release ACh?
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A Cholinergic effect
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Pg. 111
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Describe what happens to your heart, blood vessels in your skin and muscles, and your blood glucose concentration, when you are scared or anxious?
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1) Increased pumping by your heart
2) Increased blood flow to your muscles 3) Increased levels of blood glucose 4) Decreased blood flow to your skin 5) Decreased digestive activity |
Pg. 112
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How are the effects of a motor neuron produced?
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The effects of a motor neuron are produced by the neurotransmitter it releases.
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Pg. 112
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Why is the naming of neurotransmitters a little more involved in the ANS?
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Be cause there are both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the ANS, and both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
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Pg. 112
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What do all preganglionic neurons release?
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ACh
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Pg. 112
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What do most postganglionic axons of the parasympathetic division release?
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ACh
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Pg. 112
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What term describes the synaptic transmission that uses ACh as a neurotransmitter?
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Cholinergic
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Pg. 112
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What do most postganglionic sympathetic axons releases?
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Norepinephrine
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Pg. 112
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What kind of receptors does the protein released by most postganglionic sympathetic axons bind to?
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Adrenergic Receptors
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Pg. 112
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What term describes the synaptic transmission that uses Norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter?
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Adrenergic
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Pg. 112
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What is the regulation produced by postsynaptic neurons of the ANS due to?
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It is due to their cholinergic or adrenergic effects on cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
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Pg. 113
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What kind of receptors does the sympathoadrenal system activate?
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It activates different adrenergic receptors
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Pg. 113
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What are the 2 types of ACh receptors?
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Nicotinic
and Muscarinic |
Pg. 113
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What are the 2 major types of receptors that both norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to?
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Alpha Adrenergic Receptors
and Beta Adrenergic receptors |
Pg. 113
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True or False. The binding of norepinephrine and epinephrine activates both types of adrenergic receptors. This process also produces the same effects in different organs.
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False. Although true, the binding of norepinephrine and epinephrine activates both types of adrenergic receptors. This binding produces different effects in different organs.
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Pg. 113
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What are the subtypes of receptors that both norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to?
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1) Alpha 1
2) Alpha 2 3) Beta 1 4) Beta 2 |
Pg. 113
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What type of body structure contains effector cells that have more of one subtype of adrenergic receptors compared to the others?
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Organs
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Pg. 113
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What type of adrenergic receptors do cardiac muscle cells have?
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Beta 1
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Pg. 113
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What type of adrenergic receptors do the smooth muscle cells of the lungs have?
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Beta 2
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Pg. 113
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What type of adrenergic receptors are characteristic of vascular smooth muscle?
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Alpha 1
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Pg. 113
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What type of effect do alpha 1 adrenergic receptors stimulate in vascular smooth muscle?
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They stimulate their contraction
or Cause Vasoconstriction |
Pg. 113
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What does the Sympathoadrenal stimulation of adrenergic receptors prepare the body for?
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It prepares the body for “Fight-or-Flight”
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Pg. 113
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What type of effect does the stimulation of Beta 2 receptors have on the airways?
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Dilation of the bronchioles of the lungs
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Pg. 113
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What type of effect does the stimulation of Beta 1 receptors have on the heart?
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Increase in beating rate
and Increase in contraction strength |
Pg. 113
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What is the breakdown of the largest organ in the body’s glycogen called?
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Glycogenolysis
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Pg. 113
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What type of effect does the stimulation of alpha 1 receptors have in the largest organ of the body and visceral organs?
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It causes Vasoconstriction
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Pg. 113
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What type of specific adrenergic receptor is stimulated in the inhibition of the digestive system?
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Alpha 1 receptors
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Pg. 114
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What specific receptor is stimulated and what stimulates the receptor in the vasodilation in skeletal muscles?
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Beta 2 receptors
and The hormone epinephrine stimulates the receptors |
Pg. 114
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What type of adrenergic receptor is different from the other subtypes and why?
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The Alpha 2 receptors are different
Because they are mostly found in presynaptic axon terminals |
Pg. 114
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What effect does stimulation of Alpha 2 receptors in the CNS have?
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Activity of the Sympathoadrenal System is reduced
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Pg. 114
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What type of adrenergic receptor should be inhibited by a drug in someone with hypertension?
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Beta 1 receptors
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Pg. 114
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What type of adrenergic receptor should be stimulated by a drug in someone with asthma?
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Beta 2 receptors
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Pg. 114
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What specific receptor is activated with drugs that stimulates the heart?
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Beta 1 receptors
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Pg. 114
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What type of adrenergic receptor is stimulated with drugs that promote vasoconstriction?
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Alpha 1 receptors
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Pg. 114
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What type of adrenergic receptor is stimulated by drugs that depress the sympathoadrenal system in the CNS?
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Alpha 2 receptors
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Pg. 114
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True or Flase. Parasympathetic regulation is mostly adrenergic?
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False. Parasympathetic regulation is mostly cholinergic
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Pg. 114
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What are synapses that use Acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter described as?
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They are described as Cholinergic Synapses
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Pg. 114
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What receptors might ACh bind to and where are they found?
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Nicotinic or Muscarinic
They are found in the postsynaptic membrane |
Pg. 114
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What type of ACh receptors are in skeletal muscles and in dendrites of postganglionic neurons of the Autonomic Nervous System?
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Nicotinic receptors
|
Pg. 114
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What type of ACh receptors are in cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands?
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Muscarinic receptors
|
pg. 114
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What specifically releases the ACh received by the ACh receptors in the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands?
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Postganglionic Axons of the Parasympathetic division
|
pg. 114
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What are parasympathetic nerve effects on the organs of the viscera classified as?
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Muscarinic Cholinergic effects
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pg. 114
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Nicotinic ACh receptors are also ______________that produce ________________thus, they are ____________________
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Ion channels
Depolarizations or (EPSPs) Always stimulatory |
pg. 114
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True or False. Nicotinic ACh receptors are both inhibitory and stimulatory?
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Flase. Nicotinic ACh receptors are always stimulatory
|
pg. 114
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What are Muscarinic ACh receptors separate from?
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The Ion Channels
|
pg. 114
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How do Muscarinic ACh receptors communicate with the ion channels?
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They communicate with the ion channels by means of G-Proteins
|
Pg. 114
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What type of ACh receptors are both stimulatory and inhibitory and why?
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Muscarinic receptors
Because the ion channels are separate from the muscarinic receptors. Once ACh binds to a muscarinic ACh receptor, it can cause either depolarization and stimulation, or hyperpolarization and inhibition. |
Pg. 114
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What effect is the promotion of contrations and secretions of the digestive system an example of?
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It is an example of parasympathetic stimulation
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Pg. 114
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What type of substance can inhibit the effect that slows the heart rate?
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Atropine
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Pg. 115
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What does Atropine and its analogs accomplish?
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They are drugs that specifically block the Muscarinic ACh receptors
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Pg. 115
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What are some examples of the effects of stimulation of Muscarinic ACh receptors?
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1) Constriction of the pupils of the eyes
2) Constriction of the pulmonary airways 3) Secretion of Salivary glands and mucus glands 4) Slowing the heart rate 5) Contractions of the G.I tract and secretions of the organs of the digestive system 6) Vasodilation in the genital organs, digestive system and other visceral organs |
Pg. 115
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