Biol Test 3

Front 1

Disinfection

Back 1

A process to destroy vegetative pathogens, not endospores, on inanimate objects.

Front 2

Sterilization

Back 2

A process that destroys all viable microbes, including viruses and endospores. (Kills all bacteria and endospores).

Front 3

Antisepsis

Back 3

Disinfection of exposed body surfaces (living) .(on the baby)

Front 4

Sanitization

Back 4

Any cleansing technique that mechanically removes microbes.

Front 5

Thermal Death Time

Back 5

Shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature.

Front 6

Thermal Death Point

Back 6

Lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 minutes.

Front 7

Tyndallization

Back 7

Intermittent sterilization for substances that cannot withstand autoclaving.

Front 8

Pasteurization

Back 8

Application of heat to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage without destroying the food flavor or value.

Front 9

Pasteurization in.

Batch Method

Back 9

Pasteurization at 65 C for 30 minutes. (LTLT).

Front 10

Pasteurization in.

Flash Method

Back 10

Pasteurization at 70 C. For 15 seconds (HTST)

Front 11

Lyophilization

Back 11

Freeze drying; preservation.

Front 12

Antibiotics

Back 12

Are common metabolic products of aerobic spore-forming bacteria and fungi, that can destroy infectious agents. Example: penicillin.

Front 13

Antimicrobials

Back 13

Any drug that can destroy an infective agent.

Front 14

Bacteriocidad

Back 14

Any drug administered to a person that kills bacteria.

Front 15

Bacteriostatic

Back 15

Any drug administered to a person that suppresses (holds it) bacterial growth.

Front 16

Therapeutics

Back 16

Any drugs used to cure ar alleviate signs and symptoms of a disease.

Front 17

Prophylaxis

Back 17

Any drug of immunization that prevents a person from getting a specific disease.

Front 18

Broad Spectrum

Back 18

Antibiotics that target cell component common to most pathogens and therefore have a greatest range of activity against microbes.

Front 19

Narrow Spectrum

Back 19

Antibiotics that target a specific cell component found only in certain microbes and are therefore effective only on a small range of microbes.

Front 20

Antibiogram

Back 20

A list of antibiotics with their effectiveness agains a bacterial culture.

Front 21

Therapeutic Index

Back 21

A ratio of the toxic dose of a drug to its minimum effective dose.

Front 22

Therapeutic index =

Back 22

Toxic dose

_______________________________________________

Minimum effective dose

Higher the therapeutic index of a drug, better the safety margin and effectiveness.

Front 23

Infection

Back 23

A condition in which pathogenic microbes penetrate host defenses, enter tissues and multiply.

Front 24

Disease

Back 24

Any deviation from health, disruption of a tissue or organ

Front 25

Infectious disease

Back 25

Any deviation from health, disruption of a tissue or organ caused by an infectious agent.

Front 26

Normal flora

Back 26

Microbes that engage in mutual or commensal associations with the host (resident flora indigenous flora)

Front 27

True pathogen

Back 27

Capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses.

Front 28

Opportunistic pathogen

Back 28

Causes disease when the host's defenses are compromised or when they grow in part of the boby that is not natural to them.

Front 29

Virulence

Back 29

Ability of a microbe to cause disease.

Front 30

Virulence factors

Back 30

Characteristic or structure of a pathogen that contributes to virulence.

Front 31

Exogenous agent

Back 31

Microbes that originate from sources outside the body to cause infection.

Front 32

Endogenous agent

Back 32

Microbes that already exist on or in the host body (normal flora) to cause infection.

Front 33

Infectious dose

Back 33

Minimum number of microbes required to cause an infection.

Front 34

Endotoxins

Back 34

Lipopolysachcharides found on outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. (Part of the organism inside).

Front 35

Exotoxins

Back 35

Protein secreted by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Front 36

Stages of infection

Back 36

Incubation period, prodromal stage, period of invasion, convalescent period. (Exposed to a agent).

Front 37

Localized infection

Back 37

Microbes enter body and remain confined to a specific tissue.

Front 38

Systemic infection

Back 38

Infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids usually through the bloodstream.

Front 39

Focal infection

Back 39

When infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues.

Front 40

Primary infection

Back 40

Initial infection by a microbe.

Front 41

Secondary infection

Back 41

Another infection by a different microbe subsequent to primary infection.

Front 42

Mixed infection

Back 42

Several microbes growing simultaneously at the infection site.

Front 43

Acute infection

Back 43

Infection comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects.

Front 44

Chronic infection

Back 44

Infection progresses and persist over a long period of time.

Front 45

Signs of disease

Back 45

Objective evidence (can be measured or visualized) of disease as noted by an observer.

Front 46

Symptoms of disease

Back 46

Subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient.

Front 47

Bacteremia

Back 47

Bacteria in small numbers in blood and may not cause systemic disease.

Front 48

Viremia

Back 48

Virus in small numbers in blood and may not cause systemic disease.

Front 49

Septicemia

Back 49

Bacteria in large number in blood circulation and can cause disease in any organ.

Front 50

Portals of entry

Back 50

Part of body of a host through which a microbe gains entry to cause infection.

Front 51

Portals of exit

Back 51

Part of body of an infected host through which a microbe exists.

Front 52

Reservoir of pathogen

Back 52

Primary habitat of pathogen in the natural world.

Front 53

Source of infection

Back 53

Individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired.

Front 54

Asymptomatic carriers

Back 54

An individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others.

Front 55

Passive carriers

Back 55

A healthcare provider who picks up pathogens from a patient and transfers them to other patients is considered a passive carrier.

Front 56

Vector

Back 56

Any animal (usually arthropods) that transmit microbes from one host to another.

Front 57

Biological vector

Back 57

Vector which actively participates in a pathogen's life cycle.

Front 58

Mechanical vector

Back 58

Vector that is not necessary to the life cycle of an infectious agent and merely transport it without being infected.

Front 59

Communicable disease

Back 59

When an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host.

Front 60

Contagious disease

Back 60

Highly communicable disease.

Front 61

Notifiable disease

Back 61

A communicable disease that, when diagnosed or suspected by a clinician, must be notified to the health authorities.

Front 62

Prevalence

Back 62

Total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population usually represented by a percentage of the population.

Front 63

Incidence

Back 63

Measures the number of new cases over a certain time period, as compared with the general healthy population.

Front 64

Mortality rate

Back 64

The total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease.

Front 65

Morbidity rate

Back 65

Number of people afflicted with a certain disease. Example: Ebolla.

Front 66

Endemic

Back 66

Disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic locale.

Front 67

Epidemic

Back 67

When prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected.

Front 68

Pandemic

Back 68

Disease epidemic across continents.

Front 69

Sporadic outbreak

Back 69

When occasional cases of a disease are reported at irregular intervals.