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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What is Biology?
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The science or study of Life. The study of all living things.
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What is Biology of humans?
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The study of life of humans
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What is zoology?
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study of animals
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What is Microbiology?
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Study of viruses and bacteria.
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What is Botany?
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Study of plants
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The scale of study may be:
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Molecular, anatomical/physiological, cellular, ecological.
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What are the 7 requirements of Life?
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1. Molecular Composition
2. Metabolism 3. Cellular Organization 4. Homeostasis 5. Responsiveness 6. Growth and Reproduction 7. Evolution |
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What is Molecular Composition?
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all living organisms have and use the same kinds of chemical molecules. these molecules are different than those of no-living things.
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All are comosed of living matter called________that is composed of________.
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protoplasm; organic compounds
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What is metabolism?
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The chemical transformation of raw materials to pruduce energy for life.
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Energy is in the form of chemical called____?
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ATP
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Metabolism is subdivided into these 4 areas?
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Nutrition
Respiration Synthesis Growth |
NRSG
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The cell is the smallest unit of an organism that exhibits the _________?
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characteristic of life
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Cells come from existing cells through___________?
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reproduction
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What is Homeostasis?
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All living things maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
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The ability to grow and reproduce is determined by the genetic material of cells called_______.
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DNA
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All living things pass through a characteristic life cycle____> _______>_____.
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Egg, immature stage, mature adult
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What is evolution?
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genetic change over time
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How did life begin?
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"The short answer is we really don't know"
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Successful experiments will either _____ or ______ a hypothesis.
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support; refute
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Who was Stanley Miller?
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This man, in 1953, set up an experiment to simulate primitive earth and test this hypothesis on the origin of life.
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The atmosphere of the early earth was composed of 4 common elements- ______ that formed a______.
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H, C, O, N. ; Primordial Cloud.
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What would have been the source of an electrical discharge in the early earth?
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Lightning
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How did simple organic molecule become living organisms?
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Interactions with electrical storms resulted in the formation of simple organic molecules suce as glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides.
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Nucleotides were transformed into self-replicating molecules called______.
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RNA
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_____develop into structure and into enzymes to stimulat4e chemical reactions.
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Proteins
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_____developed to synthesize proteins.
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RNA
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_____developed to transmit heredity during reproduction
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DNA
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The earliest cell type was the________
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Prokaryotic cell
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What kingdom are bacteria part of?
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Monera
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Prokaryotic cells do not need oxygen and survive by________
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anaerobic metabolism
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The prokaryotic cell type was then replaced by the_________-the dominant cell type on Earth
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Eukaryotic cell
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Humans are members of what kingdom?
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anaimalia.
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How many groups of animals does the animalia contain?
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35 groups called phylum
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What phylum are humans a part of?
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Phylum Chordata
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What are the 4 defining human characteristics?
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Bipedalism, opposable thumbs, large brains, and capacity fo complex language.
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BOLC
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The human body consists of________ of cells?
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Trillions
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What are the 3 steps of the cell doctrine?
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1. All living things are composed of cell and cell products
2. A single cell is the smallest unit that exhibits all the characteristics of life. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells. |
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Who was Robert Hooke?
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Coined the term "cell" to idenitfy the tiny compartments he found in cork. Used a primitve microscope.
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Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek?
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Known as "the father of the microscope"
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Whats the difference between prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells?
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Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleous and have few organelsses. Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleous and have true organelss.
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What are phospholipids?
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Fat molecules containging phosphorus.
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What is the structure of the cell membrane?
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1. 2 layers of phospholipids.
2. several proteins embedded in the phospholipids for transport. 3. molecules of choldestrerol for rigidity 4. carboyhydrate surface makers for cell recognition. |
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Phospholipid moleculesa are arranged with two ends. What are they?
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Hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends
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Hydrophilic means?
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H20 Loving
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Hydrophobic means?
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H20 fearing
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What is diffusion?
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Involves movement of small molecules from an area of high concentration through the cell membrane to an area of low concentration.
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What is osmosis?
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Diffusion of H20 from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
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What forms the solute?
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The cell membrane separates unequal concentrations of some lare moleecule.
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What is isotonic condition?
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Some amount of water enters and leaves the cell.
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What is hypotonic condition?
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More water enters than leaves. Cell swells
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What is hypertonic condition?
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More water leaves then enters; Cell shrinks.
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movement of charged molecules or ions and large molecules into the cell against a conventration gradient
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Active transport
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Active transport is undertaken by protein molecules in the cell membrane called_________.
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carrier proteins.
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the formation of vesicles or vacuoles to move materials through the cell membrane into a cell.
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endocytosis
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Also know as "cell drinking" the cell takes in large molecules that are H20 soluable outside membrane.
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Pinocytosis
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numerous foldings of the cell membrane to increase the absorptive surface
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microvilli
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Cell junctions between adjacent cells. Form spot wields to anchor cells. Increase exchange of substances between cells. Increased permeability.
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Desmosomes
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A system of internal membranes that form an extensive network throughout the cytoplasm.
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Endoplasmic reticulum.
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What is the function of smooth endoplamicreticulum?
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synthesis macromolecules
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What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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to synthesis proteins
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Small denses organels found attached as rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Ribosomes
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What is the funcions of the goldi apparatus.
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Sythesis of carbohydrates such as mucus.
2. Packaging of proteins into enzymes 3. Formation of new membranes. |
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The powerhouses of the cell
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mitochondria
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What is the function of Mitochondria?
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Site of cellular respiratoin a process in which organic molecules are broken down to produce cellular energy.
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specialized protein mlecules that speed the breakdown of large organic molecules to small molecules.
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Hydrolytic enzymes
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What r the the two functions of lysossomes?
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Intracellular digestion and breakdown of cell after death
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small membrane bound spheres that enclose and sote productos of cells or materials formed by paocytosis
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vesicles
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large storage spaces formed by pagocytosis to store food or secretory products
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vacuoles
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narow elongate hollow rods
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microtubules
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narrow elongate solid rods
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microfiliments
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