Biol Lab Final

Front 1

Archaeplastida

Back 1

"ancient plastid"

acquired chloroplast via primary endsymbiosis of cyanobacteria

Front 2

What three groups comprise archaeplastida

Back 2

Red algae, Green, algae and plants

Front 3

Is algae a monophyletic group?

Back 3

no because other algaes belongs to Heterokonts

Front 4

Green algae is more closely related to plants than red algae is? True or False

Back 4

True green algae and plants both store excess carbohydrates as starch within their plastids

Front 5

Red uses what for carb storage?

Back 5

glycogen

Front 6

All archaeplastida contain what in their cell walls

Back 6

cellulose

Front 7

Green Algae and plants have the same what?

Back 7

photosynthetic pigments

Chlorophyll a, carotene and xanthophyll

Front 8

What are land plants and algae referred to

Back 8

Streptophyta

Front 9

Phragmoplasts

Back 9

cell plates in streptophyta and the similarity to embryophytes of their layered cell walls

Front 10

Isogamy

Back 10

where to gametes are morphologically similar and motile

Front 11

anisogamy

Back 11

condition where one gamete is clearly larger and both are motile

Front 12

oogamy

Back 12

condition where one game is larger (egg) and non motile, and the smaller gamete (sperm) is motile.

Front 13

some Algae and all plants and animals show what reproduction type?

Back 13

oogamy

Front 14

Out of the three types of sexual reproduction which is considered the most evolutionary advanced ?

Back 14

oogamy

Front 15

Why is oogamy considered the most advanced?

Back 15

Only one gamete has to travel and the other is stationary

Front 16

Green algae exhibit what types of morphologies and growth forms?

Back 16

some are single celled and move via flagella.

Front 17

Colonial species of green algae for what?

Back 17

aggregates of single-celled individuals. Colony formation is hypothesized to be an important step from unicellularity to multicellularity

Front 18

Filamentous Algae can only be branched true or false?

Back 18

False it can be branched or unbranched

Front 19

Parenchymatous algae has a

Back 19

flat, leaf-like thallus

Front 20

Three types of lifecycles in Eukaryotes are?

Back 20

Haploid, Diploid and alternation of generations

Front 21

Chlamydomonas

Back 21

Isogamous

has a single celled growth form

Haploid life cycle

(looks like a little beetle)

Front 22

Volvox

Back 22

(looks like a circle full of eggs)

Oogamy

Colonial species

Haploid life cycle

Front 23

Fritchiella

Back 23

(look like branches)

the green thallus of fritschielle has upright branches of filaments, prostrate regions of tissue-like filaments, and colorless rhizoids that extend below the soil surface

isogamous

Front 24

Oedogonium

Back 24

Evolutionary SIGNIFICANT

Oogamy (evolved egg and sperm)

Wrist watch algae

unbranched filamentous green algae

haplontic

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Ulva

Back 25

Sea lettuce

thin flat green algae (parenchymatous)

thallus is made of 2 layers cells

oogamy

Front 26

Charophytes

Back 26

extant groups of green algae that are most closely related to modern land plants

Front 27

3 phyla of Bryophytes

Back 27

mosses, liverworts and hornworts

Front 28

Bryophytes

Back 28

non vascular land plants

Front 29

Lycophytes

Back 29

Seedless vascular plants

Club mosses, Quillworts and spike mosses

Front 30

Pterophytes

Back 30

Seedless vascular plants

Whisk ferns, horsetails, ferns

Front 31

Gymnosperms

Back 31

Seed vascular plants

conifers, cycads, ginkgo, gnetophytes

Front 32

Angiosperms

Back 32

Seed vascular plants

flowering plants

Front 33

Extant

Back 33

species still in existence / alive today

Front 34

sporophyte

Back 34

dipload multicellular stage in life cycle

Front 35

how are spores formed?

Back 35

the sporophyte uses meiosis to form single - celled propagules called spores

Front 36

Spores

Back 36

haploid. Germinate and undergo mitosis to become multicellular gametophytes

Front 37

germinate

Back 37

when a seed or spore begins to grow and put ot shoots after a period of dormancy

Front 38

gametophyte

Back 38

gamete producing, haploid phase. Because gametophyte is already haploid it unergoes mitosis to from gametes

Front 39

Fertilization

Back 39

combines male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote. the zygote grows by mitosis into the next multicellular sporophyte stage

Front 40

Bryophytes are considered the most primitive or ancetral extant plants. True or False?

Back 40

True

Front 41

Gametophyte in Bryophytes

Back 41

the green "leafy: part of the moss and is considered the dominant phase

Front 42

Dominant Phase in seedless vascular plants

Back 42

these plants are more advanced than bryophytes. The sporophyte is the larger, dominant phase

Front 43

Dominance in Seed plants (gymno and angio sperms)

Back 43

the gametophyte becomes very reduced in size, the pollen represents the male gametophyte (microgametophyte) and the megagametophyte (female part) develops an archaegonium and provides nutritive tissue for the embryo

Front 44

Archaegonium

Back 44

the female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns and most conifers

Front 45

In angiosperms, the megagametophyte is what?

Back 45

the Embryo Sac, a much reduced 7 celled structure. Because of the angiosperms do not for archaegonia

Front 46

Bryophytes are the amphibians of plants true or false>

Back 46

True! they have both aquatic and terrestrial characteristics

Front 47

Characteristics of Bryophytes

Back 47

lack vascular system and true roots

(have rhizoids for anchorage)

cant transfer water or nutrients through thallus

-restricted to moist habitats and are always small

Front 48

Bryophtes and reproduction

Back 48

moisture is important for reproduction as the flagellated (motile) sperm must swim across a film of water from the antheridium to the archegonium to fertilize the egg

Front 49

poikilhydric

Back 49

Some bryophytes can be poikilohydric and can withstand seasonal drying privded there habitats are occasionaly wet

Front 50

Some mosses have sporophytes with a cuticle and stomata True or False? and these are adaptations to what?

Back 50

True . These are adaptations to life on land observed in more derived plants

Front 51

In bryophytes where are the gametes protected?

Back 51

within the gametangia. Gametangia that holds sperm is called (antheridia) gametangia that holds eggs is called (archaegonia)

Front 52

what stage are mosses at when you are usually observing them in nature (hike, or in yard?)

Back 52

gametophyte because its the dominant stage

Front 53

are all bryophytes homosporous?

Back 53

yes all spores are the same size, but some may germinate and develop into unisexual or bisexual gametophytes

Front 54

What are important evolutionary trends that first appear in seedless vascular plants?

Back 54

-vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

-dominance of sporophyte generation

-in some, heterospory and endosporic development

Front 55

Vascular tissue

Back 55

-one of the most important evolutionary innovations in land plants.

-Allows for the transport of water and nutrients, and protect against gravity

-skeletal and circulatory system of a plant

-reason plants can get bigger than mosses and bryophytes

Front 56

Ancestors of Seedles Vascular plants

Back 56

lycopthytes and pterophytes

Front 57

Lycophytes and pterophytes were the first to exhibit vascular tissue, true or false?

Back 57

True

Front 58

Seedless vascular plants dominant stage it?

Back 58

Sporophyte

Front 59

Heterosporous

Back 59

spores are all different sizes

Front 60

Endosporous

Back 60

gametyophytes develop within the spore wall

Front 61

Characteristics of seedless vascular plants

Back 61

-sporophyte stage dominance

-flagellated sperm that swim from antheridium to archaegonium to fertilized (require an external water source)

Front 62

A club moss is a type of moss True or False?

Back 62

False! Club moss is a common name for many lycophytes.

-when you see a lycopodium sporophyte growing in the forest it actually looks like a conifer seedling

Front 63

Lycophyte sporophyte structure

Back 63

Cone-line structure called strobili at the tip of their stems. These structures are made of clusters of sporophylls

Front 64

sporophylls

Back 64

specialized leaves that house the sporangia and the spores

Front 65

Are most lycophytes Heterosporous or homosporous?

Back 65

homosporous

Front 66

what genus of lycophytes are heterosporous

Back 66

Salaginella, it produces megaspores and microspores. And undergoes Endosporous development

Front 67

Endosporous development

Back 67

at maturity, the spores are ejected from the strobilus and the gametophytes will develop within the thick walls of the spores.

- Each microspore undergoes mitosis to form a microgametophyte with sperm prodcuing antheridia and microspore wall splits to release sperm

- megaspore undergoes mitosis forming megagametophytes which produce egg bearing archaegona. When the megaspore wall splits, the neck of the archegonim is exposed

-sperms travels down the archaegonium neck towards the egg

Front 68

Pterophyte Characteristics

Back 68

Ferns, Horsetails and Whisk Ferns

-One of the most biodiverse groups of plants on Earth today

-2/3 of pterophyte species found in the wet tropics (moisture for reproduction)

-Vast majority of pterophytes are Ferns

-Distinguishing feature of Ferns is the Sorus

Front 69

Sorus

Back 69

a cluster of spore-producing receptacles on the underside of a fern frond.

Front 70

Two type of seed plants

Back 70

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Front 71

Earliest fossil of seed plants was what type?

Back 71

Gymnosperm

Front 72

Gymnoperm means

Back 72

"naked Seed" and referrs to the facts that these plants do not have their seed enclosed within a fruit

Front 73

Examples of Gymnosperms

Back 73

Conifers (Pine and spruce trees)

Cycads

Ginko

Gnetophytes

Front 74

Angiosperm Characteristics

Back 74

Flowering plants

-Most recent group to evolve and they dominate the plants kingdom

-Heterosporous, their spores are retained within the sporangia on the sporophyte

Front 75

The retention of spores in Angiosperms have led to what 3 Important adaptations

Back 75

Pollen Ovules and Seeds

Front 76

Pollen Grains

Back 76

Polled grains are the Reduced male gametophyte

Microspores are not released into the enviro. in seed plants, but retained within microsporangia on the sporophyte.

The microspores develop into male gametophytes, but they are tiny and called pollen grains

Front 77

Pollen produces what kind of sperm.

What are the advantages of this type of reprodcution?

Back 77

non-motile sperm, because they cant swim to an egg there needs to be another way of transportation

-Animals or wind tranfer pollen grains to the egg

-once pollination occurs and pollen has been deposited, pollen tubes grow and carry sperm to egg

-Having sperm tranferred to egg via desiccation resistant pollen grains Seed plants are not dependant on water for reproduction and can live in many more terrestrial habitats

Front 78

Ovules

Back 78

the Ovule of seed plants consist of a single egg developing within a female gametophyte which is retained within the megaspore wall. The megaspore is retained within the megasporagium on the sporophyte

Front 79

Endosporic development in sporangia to ovules in seed plants

Back 79

Simply retain the megaspore within the megasporangium instead of shedding it.

Front 80

Why do seed plants only have 1 egg

Back 80

Spores are produced when a diploid sporangium undergoes meiosis, leaving 4 haploid spores. In seed plants only one of the megaspores survives.

Front 81

Seed

Back 81

a mature fertilized Ovule. Within a seed a diploid embryo (new sporophyte) is surrounded by nutritive material for the developing embryo

In Gymnosperms this nutritive material is the haploud tissue of the female gametophyte

Front 82

Nutrivite tissues in Angiosperms

Back 82

this material is triploid tissue of the endosperm,

Front 83

Integuments

Back 83

the outer layers of the ovule is the integuments which become tough protective coat of the seed.

Angiosperms have 2 integuments and Gymnosperms typically have 1.

Seeds allow dispersal away from parent plant

Front 84

3 types of gymnosperms

Back 84

Coniferophyta, Cyccasophyta and Ginkophyta

Front 85

Characteristics of Angiosperm Flowers

Back 85

Like gymnosperms they have pollen, ovules and seeds, however they also have flowers, which are composed of both male and female reproductive parts surrounded by leaf like structures, sepals and petals

Front 86

All parts of the flower are midofied leaves. True or false?

Back 86

True

Front 87

Flowers consist of what

Back 87

attracts pollinators and protect gametes

-made up of petals, sepals (non reproductive)

-pistils (include stigma (site of pollination), style and ovaries)

-stamen (anther and filaments).

Front 88

Reproductive organs in flowers are

Back 88

Pistol and stamen

Front 89

A flower that has all 4 organs is said to be.....

Back 89

Complete

Front 90

If a flower is missing one or more organ its said to be...

Back 90

Incomplete

Front 91

If a flower has both a pistil and stamen its said to be...

Back 91

Perfect

Front 92

If a flower has just a stamen or just a pistil its said to be

Back 92

Imperfect

Front 93

The Pistil

Back 93

-Female reproductive organ.

-Composed of one or more carpels

-Carpels consist of: swollen base (ovaries), slender neck (style) and pollen receptive surface (stigma)

-after fertilization the ovule developes into a seed while the ovary of the pistil turns into the fruit

-Fruit covered seed is a big development

Front 94

Stamens

Back 94

-Male reproductive part

-Each stamen has a stalk or filaments that supports the pollen producing Anther.

-Within the anther, specialized tissue undergo meiosis to form microspores that become pollen grains

-pollen isnt mature until it germinates on a stigma, forming a pollen tube containing 2 sperm cells, and a tube nucleus

Front 95

Stamen are modified leaves , and becaue they house sporangia they are a type of sporophyll.

Is this also true for the pistil?

Back 95

Yes

Front 96

Reduced female gametophytes

Back 96

Tissue within developing pistil give rise to a series of ovules. Within each ovule meiosis leads to the production of megaspores.

Only one spore survives to develop into matture gametophyte known as embryosac.

In female the gametophyte reduced to a 7-celled structure: 3 cells near micropyle (opening) 1 is egg other 2 are synergids, opposite end of embrysac are antipodal cells, in the centre is the large central cell with 2 polar nuclei

Front 97

Synergids

Back 97

The synergids are part of the egg apparatus and are thought to help the pollen nucleus reach the egg cell for fertilization

Front 98

antipodal cells

Back 98

Antipodals are nutritive in function; it nourishes the embryo sac

Front 99

polar nuclei

Back 99

These nuclei fuse with a male gamete nucleus to form a triploid endospermnucleus, which subsequently divides to form the endosperm.

Front 100

Endosperm

Back 100

In fertilization in Angiosperms.

-One sperm nucleous fuses with the egg of the embryo sac to form a zygote.

-The other fuses with the two polar nuclei in the central cell to form endosperm

-Endosperm is nutritive tissue for developing embryo, triploid (3n)

-Process is called double fertilization

Front 101

Fruits

Back 101

In most flowering plants ovary matures into fruit.

-Ovary wall thickens and becomes paricarp

Based on pericarp you can get either dry or fleshy fruit

Front 102

Dry fruit

Back 102

In dry fruit the pericarp is hard and dry at maturity, they can either be dehiscent (split open when ripe eg. peas) or indehiscent (do not split eg, grain and nuts)

Front 103

Fleshy Fruit

Back 103

Fleshy fruit have fleshy pericarps, often with distinct layers. These usually dont split open when ripe.

-Rely on ingestion from animals for dispersal of seeds.

-Can be simple or compound fruits

-Simple develops from one ovary

-Compound develops from 2 ovaries

Front 104

Aggregate fruit

Back 104

Type of compound fruit

When multiple ovaries making up compound belong to a single flower

Front 105

Multiple fruit

Back 105

Type of compound fruit

When multiple ovaries belonging to many flowers have become fused into one fruit mass

Front 106

Pericarp

Back 106

The part of fruit formed from the wall of the ripened ovary

Front 107

Cotelydons

Back 107

first leaves formed in an embryonic plant and sometimes reffered to as "seed leaves"

Front 108

Monocots

Back 108

had one cotelydon and are a monophyletic group

Front 109

Dicots

Back 109

have 2 cotelydons but are NOT monophyletic. Two cotelydons does not make plants closely related.

Front 110

Eudicots

Back 110

Monophyletic group which includes most of the dicots but some more primitive Angiosperm lineages have been taken out (Magnolias and luarales)

Front 111

Epigeous Germination

Back 111

some eudicot plants, cotelydons are carried above the soil surface by hypocotyl, which first forms a hook and then straightens out to lift up the cotyledons. The cotelydon then starts to photosynthesize

Front 112

Hypogeous Germination

Back 112

epicotyl forms a hook and carries the first true leaves about the ground, while the cotyledons remain below grounf

Front 113

Germination type in monocots

Back 113

shoots emerge from its protective sheath and the cotyledon remains below ground