Biol-L 112 Test #1

Front 1

___________ occurs when an extra-cellular signaling molecule activates a cell surface receptor (i.e. estrogen molecules, phthalates,, etc.) In turn, this receptor alters intracellular molecules creating a response.

Back 1

Signal transduction

Front 2

A ________ is an ion or molecule that binds its receptor through a number of specific weak non-covalent bonds by fitting into a specific binding site or pocket.

Back 2

ligand

Front 3

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are examples or _______________ proteins.

Back 3

transmembrane

Front 4

___________ is the durable, energy-consuming process by which a cell directs the contents of secretory vesicles out of the cell membreane and into the extracellular space.

Back 4

exocytosis

Front 5

___________ is an energy-using process by which cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) by engulfing them. It is used by all cells of the body because most substances important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma or cell membrane.

Back 5

phagocytosis

Front 6

_______________ endocytosis is a process by which cells internalize molecules (endocytosis) by the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being internalized.

Back 6

receptor-mediated

Front 7

the overall reaction for aerobic respiration of glucose is summarized as _______________________________.

Back 7

glucose + 6 O2 ---> 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + 32 ATP

Front 8

ATP stands for __________________, which releases a great deal of energy when a _______________ group is removed, converting it into ADP.

Back 8

adenosine triphosphate

phosphate

Front 9

oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the inner membrane of the __________________.

Back 9

mitochondria

Front 10

cellular respiration produces _______ molecules of ATP for every one molecule of glucose.

Back 10

32

Front 11

plants store excess carbs in the form of a polysaccharide called ____________.

Back 11

starch

Front 12

animals store excess carbs in the form of a polysaccharide called ____________.

Back 12

glycogen

Front 13

________ ___________ is the process that joins monosaccharides together to form disaccharides.

Back 13

dehydration reaction

Front 14

the major carb used in plant cell walls is called __________, which is formed from alternating alpha 1-4 and beta 1-4 likages

Back 14

cellulose

Front 15

What are the 3 main components of an amino acid?

Back 15

Carboxyl group

R group

amino group

Hydrogen atom

Front 16

__________ is a disaccharide that consists of glucose and fructose.

Back 16

sucrose

Front 17

In animals, excess glucose is stored in the __________ as glycogen.

Back 17

liver

Front 18

__________ is the most abundant carb found on Earth and cannot be broken down by animals.

Back 18

cellulose

Front 19

how many carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms make up one glucose molecule?

Back 19

C6H12O6

Front 20

____________ is a disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules via ______________ reaction.

Back 20

maltose

dehydration

Front 21

The building blocks of a protein molecule are bonded together by ____________ bonds. The process that joins these building blocks together is called ______________ synthesis (joined by dehydration reaction.

Back 21

peptide

protein

Front 22

an enzyme is a ______________ that speeds up chemical reactions.

Back 22

catalyst/protein

Front 23

The ______________ is the part of an enzyme where a substrate binds, leading to the formation of product (referred to as "lock and key" mechanism.)

Back 23

active site

substrate

Front 24

a nucleotide is composed of a _________________, _________________, and ________________ .

Back 24

5-carbon sugar

phosphate group

nitrogenous base

Front 25

degenerative diseases such as mad cow disease, Alzheimer's, and front temporal dementia may all be caused by malfunctions in protein ___________.

Back 25

folding

Front 26

a ___________ is a molecule with a shape that will allow it to bind to an enzyme, thus decreasing its enzymatic activity (like Antabuse)

Back 26

competitive inhibitor

Front 27

sickle-cell disease is caused when the 6th amino acid of beta-hemoglobin called glutamate is replaced by ___________. Why does this timy mutation cause sickle-cell anemia? Hydrophobic interactions between sickle-cell hemoglobin proteins lead to their aggregation into a fiber.

Back 27

valine

Front 28

If a DNA sequence of nitrogenous bases is 3' -GATTCTGC 5', the complementary mRNA sequence of nitrogenous bases would be _____________.

Back 28

GCAGAAUC

Front 29

The "central dogma" of biology states that information flow in the cell is unidirectional, from _______ to _______ to ________.

Back 29

DNA

RNA

proteins

Front 30

DNA has a unique ______________ shaped structure with a backbone of alternating ________ and ______________ molecules.

Back 30

double-helix

sugar

phosphate

Front 31

most life on Earth depends, directly or indirectly, on a process that combines water and carbon dioxide to make carbon-based compounds. This process is called _________________.

Back 31

photosynthesis

Front 32

what organic molecules have a chemical formula that is (or is very nearly) a multiple of (CH2O)?

Back 32

carbohydrates

Front 33

the linkage commonly found between subunits in a chain of monosaccharides is called a __________ bond.

Back 33

glycosidic

Front 34

animal cells commonly have polysaccharides attached to __________ in their surface membranes.

Back 34

proteins and lipids

Front 35

suppose that an equal amount of each of the following polysaccharides was placed in a landfill. Which of them should last the longest before it is decomposed?

Back 35

cellulose

Front 36

in many animals, this polysaccharide is found in large quantities in liver and muscle cells. It is highly branched with many alpha(1-4) and alpha(1-6) linkages.

Back 36

glycogen

Front 37

Although they have diversity of structures, all members of this group of organic molecules are primarily non-polar and thus water-insoluble

Back 37

lipids

Front 38

which of these are the main structural components of biological membranes?

Back 38

phospholipids

Front 39

testosterone is a substance that has important regulatory functions in humans and many other animals. Molecules with regulatory functions like testosterone are called _________.

Back 39

hormones

Front 40

the linkages commonly found between amino acids in a chain of amino acids is called a ___________ bond.

Back 40

peptide

Front 41

the unique sequence of the monomer sub-units in a protein is the _________ structure of the protein.

Back 41

primary

Front 42

the _________ structure of a protein refers to the conformation, or overall 3-D shape of a polypeptide that has been folded into a functional protein.

Back 42

tertiary

Front 43

excessive heat or extremes of pH often cause denaturation of proteins which means that the proteins __________________________.

Back 43

are no longer in a functional 3-D structure.

Front 44

chaperonins assist with ____________.

Back 44

protein folding

Front 45

nucleotides are joined together to make a nucleic acid strand by ______________ bonds.

Back 45

phosphodiester

Front 46

consider the DNA sequence 5' GATTACA 3'. If the strand with this sequence forms a double helix with another DNA strand, the sequence on the other stand should be a 5' _______________ 3'.

Back 46

TGTAATC

Front 47

RNA molecules are usually found as _____________.

Back 47

a single strand with some folds and twists where the strand bonds with itself to make some double-helical regions

Front 48

Alzheimer's disease, sickle-cell anemia, and mad cow disease are all examples of diseases caused by _______________.

Back 48

protein misfolding.

Front 49

Which of the following types of molecules are the most diverse in terms of structure and types of roles in cells?

Back 49

proteins

Front 50

you modify the primary sequence of an enzyme in a region that will be the active site when the protein is properly folded. What is the predicted outcome of this change?

Back 50

the enzymes will not properly bind to the substrate.

Front 51

chromatin consists of ___________.

Back 51

nucleosomal strands

Front 52

nucleoli are found within the nucleus and participate in the synthesis of ____________.

Back 52

rRNA

Front 53

The _____________ is involved in the synthesis of lipids.

Back 53

smooth ER

Front 54

The Golgi complex ____________.

Back 54

receives proteins made in the rough ER and chemically modifies them.

Front 55

The ________________ contains hydrolytic enzymes for the digestion of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and ploysaccharides. It is frequently referred to as the garbage disposal of the cell.

Back 55

lysosome

Front 56

cellular respiration is the process by which __________ and ___________are converted to H20 and CO2 during the formation of cellular energy.

Back 56

O2 and C6H12O6

Front 57

Many scientists subscribe to the endosymbiotic theory, It states that mitochondria may have originates from ancient independent living bacteria. The reason provided is that _________.

Back 57

both have similar components for protein synthesis.

Front 58

select the correct path of protein synthesized on a ribosome attached to the rough ER would follow in the endomembrane system.

Back 58

rough er --> Golgi complex --> vesicle --> plasma membrane

Front 59

The following is composed of microtubules except:

intermediate filament

centriole

miotic spindle

flagellum

cytoskeleton

Back 59

intermediate filament

Front 60

membrane sterols such as cholesterol function in animal cell membranes to ____________.

Back 60

maintain membrane fluidity and shape

Front 61

according to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, the fluid part of the model refers to ____________.

Back 61

the phospholipid molecules which vibrate, spin, and exchange places within the same layer of the bilayer

Front 62

movelent of a substance from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy obtained from ATP is called __________

Back 62

active transport

Front 63

carrier proteins are often used by the cell to transport __________.

Back 63

glucose and amino acids

Front 64

aquaporins are ____________.

Back 64

specific channels for water transport

Front 65

signal proteins bind to ___________ generating a large cascade of reactions which results in the activation of specific gemes.

Back 65

membrane surface receptors

Front 66

aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the __________.

Back 66

mitochondria

Front 67

the interior surface area of a mitochondria is greatly increased by __________.

Back 67

cristae

Front 68

this unbranched chain consisting of alpha and beta glucose subunits is the primary structural fiber in plant cell walls .

Back 68

cellulose

Front 69

parts of the enzyme molecule that bind with a substrate are called ___________.

Back 69

active sites

Front 70

_________ provide a "fingerprint" for the cell so that it can be recognized by other cells

Back 70

glycoproteins

Front 71

dietary proteins _____________.

Back 71

are considered "complete" only if they contain the 8 essential amino acids

Front 72

soda, with a pH of 3 is ___________ more acidic than a glass of water with a pH of 7.

Back 72

10,000

Front 73

Which of the following is primarily responsible for the movement or organelles and chromosomes within the cell?

Back 73

microtubules

Front 74

hydrogenation is the artificial addition of ____________ to a/an _____________. This can improve a food's taste, texture, and shelf life.

Back 74

hydrogen

unsaturated fat

Front 75

multiple simple carbohydrates are linked together into more complex ones. Complex carbohydrates include ____________ which is the primary source of energy storage in animals.

Back 75

glycogen

Front 76

in general, molecules made mostly of carbon atoms covalently bound to each other and to other atoms are called ________.

Back 76

organic molecules

Front 77

which of the following is NOT a major function of proteins in living organisms?

speeding up biological reactions

transporting substances across membranes

providing structural support

regulation the activity of other cellular molecules

storing genetic information

Back 77

storing genetic info

Front 78

proteins are polymers of __________.

Back 78

amino acids

Front 79

which one of the following cellular components is NOT directly involved in synthesis or secretion of molecules in the cell?

ribosomes

lysosomes

rough ER

golgi complex

smooth ER

Back 79

lysosomes

Front 80

cytoskeletal elements are assembled from ________.

Back 80

proteins

Front 81

chloroplasts are the site of ____________.

Back 81

photosynthesis